1. By: Victoria Vansant, Mairéad Pettit, and Amelia Ritchie
Presidents 1-44 Review
By: Victoria Vansant, Mairéad Pettit, and Amelia Ritchie

2. #1 George Washington First term:1789-1793; Second term: 1793-1797
VP: John Adams ( )
Federalist
Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War
Proclamation of Neutrality of 1793
Signed Jay’s Treaty (gave up US’s right to neutrality on the seas)
Suppressed Whiskey Rebellion of 1794 (he sent troops to make Pennsylvania farmers pay their taxes)

3. #2 John Adams
Term:
VP: Thomas Jefferson ( )
Jefferson and Adams ran against each other in the election. Adams got the most votes and Jefferson got the 2nd most votes.
Federalist
XYZ Affair (French Minister Talleyrand sent 3 men to the US to get money to resolve things)
Alien and Sedition Acts (limited immigration and free speech because there was fear about a war with France)
“midnight appointments” (Adam’s last night in office)
Marbury v. Madison: Judicial Review

4. #3 Thomas Jefferson First term: 1801-1805; Second term: 1805-1809
VP: Aaron Burr ( ); George Clinton ( )
Anti-Federalist
Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions (Jefferson and Madison argued that Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional)
Louisiana Purchase
Sent Lewis and Clark on their expedition
Embargo Act of 1807
US stopped foreign trade
Britain and France were at war
It hurt the US most

5. #4 James Madison First term: 1809-1813; Second term: 1813-1817
VP: George Clinton (1809-(died in 1812)); Elbridge Gerry(1812-(died in 1814))
Father of the Constitution
Federalist Papers (written with John Jay & Alexander Hamilton to sway the people to ratify the new Constitution)
President during the War of 1812
Non-Intercourse Act (NO trade with France or Great Britain)
Macon’s Bill No. 2 (whichever country stopped harassing US ships first would be favored)

6. #5 James Monroe First term: 1817-1821; Second term: 1821-1825
VP: Daniel D. Tompkins ( )
Anti-Federalist
“Era of Good Feelings”
US experienced first economic depression
Adams-Onis Treaty (1819): Spain gave Florida to US after Andrew Jackson invaded Florida against orders
Missouri Compromise (1820): admitted Missouri into the Union as a slave state and Maine as a free state
Monroe Doctrine (1823): a warning to European powers about expansion and intervention into the western hemisphere

7. #6 John Q. Adams
Term:
VP: John C. Calhoun ( )
1st Minority President
Republican
Corrupt Bargain between him and Henry Clay
Supported internal improvements
Cumberland Road/National Road-1st major improved highways in the US
“tariff of abominations” to protect domestic manufacturing

8. #7 Andrew Jackson First term: 1829-1833; Second term: 1833-1837
VP: John C. Calhoun (1829-(resigned in 1832)); Martin Van Buren ( )
“Old Hickory” was Democratic-Republican
Kitchen Cabinet: his group of advisors
Spoils System: rewarding political supporters with public office
Nullification Crisis: South Carolina felt that they could ignore or nullify a tariff issued by the government
1833 a compromise tariff was issued
BANK WAR; he vetoed Second Bank of the US
Jackson believed it favored the wealthy
Specie Circular: required land purchases to be in gold or silver

9. Andrew Jackson Cont…
Indian Removal Act (1830): moved all Indian tribes west of the Mississippi
Mainly affected the Five Civilized Tribes
Trail of Tears: Indians died on the march

10. #8 Martin Van Buren US citizens kept moving to Texas with their slaves
Term:
VP: Richard M. Johnson ( )
Panic of 1837
rampant speculation and get-rich-quickism
Aroostook War (1839)
Conflict on the Maine/Canadian(British controlled) border where there was no boundary
Settled before any real fighting began
Alamo
US citizens kept moving to Texas with their slaves
Mexico emancipated all their slaves in 1830
Texas wanted statehood after gaining independence from Spain
If admitted it would be slave state so the North opposed

11. #9 William Harrison Term: 1841
VP: John Tyler (1841) (He became president after Harrison died)
He was only president for 32 days before dying of pneumonia (probably contracted while giving inaugural speech)

12. #10 John Tyler Term: 1841-1845 NO to Bank of the United States
VP: none
His entire cabinet, except his Secretary of State Daniel Webster, resigned
Democrat
Ended the Aroostook War by setting a boundary between Maine and Canada and all the way west to Oregon
NO to Bank of the United States
Henry Clay the “Great Compromiser” and leader of the Whigs wanted a new US Bank
He signed a resolution that annexed Texas in 1845

13. #11 James Polk Term: 1845-1849 Oregon territory
VP: George M. Dallas ( )
Oregon territory
Boundary set at 49th parallel
US received Washington & Oregon
Great Britain got Vancouver
Mexican-American War lasted
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848): ended war with Mexico & fixed the border at the Rio Grande
US gained CA & NV
Manifest Destiny: US was destined by God to spread empire across North America (EXPANSIONISM)

14. #12 Zachary Taylor
Term: (He died 16 months into office in 1850)
VP: Millard Fillmore ( ) ( He became president following Taylor’s death)
Mexican-American war hero; Whig
Free Soil Party: anti-slavery men in the North (distrusted Taylor)
No slavery into new territories
California Gold Rush (1849)
Clayton-Bulwer Treaty: (in affect until 1901)
US & Britain agreed that canals across Central America were to be neutral & no colonization

15. #13 Millard Fillmore
Term: (became president after Taylor died)
VP: none
Know-Nothing Party
Compromise of helped delay Civil War, but neither North or South liked it
NO more slave trading in D.C
Fugitive Slave Act: required federal government to help return runaway slaves
CA admitted a FREE state
Utah & New Mexico opened to popular sovereignty
Texas compensated for giving up claims in the west

16. #14 Franklin Pierce
Term:
VP: William R. D. King (died in 1853)
Democrat (Whigs had become divided)
Gadsden Purchase (1853): US bought Arizona and New Mexico
Kansas-Nebraska Act(1854): popular sovereignty in these territories
Ostend Manifesto (1854): (published in NY Herald): US would take aggressive action if Spain was not willing to give up Cuba
Bleeding Kansas(1856): Congressman Brooks beat Senator Charles Sumner with his cane
Sumner was an abolitionist who had insulted southerners

17. #15 James Buchanan Term: 1857-1861
VP: John C. Breckinridge ( )
Democrat
Dred Scott v. Stanford: slaves were considered property
Buchanan believed this gave slavery constitutionality
Panic of 1857: caused by gold-fueled inflation, overspeculation, and excess grain production
Tariff of 1857: lowered duties on imports in response to high Treasury surplus & pressure from Southern farmers
Confederate States of America formed in 1860
A result of Lincoln’s election

18. # 16 Abraham Lincoln President from 1861-1865 Lincoln-Douglas Debates
VP: Hannibal Hamlin ( ); Andrew Johnson (1865)
Republican
Lincoln-Douglas Debates
7 debates between Lincoln and Stephen Douglas
Disagreed over slavery
Civil War
Emancipated slaves
Suspended civil liberties during the war
Habeas Corpus
Admitted West Virginia and Nevada to the Union
Assassinated April 1895
John Wilkes Booth

19. # 17 Andrew Johnson President from1865-1869
VP: NONE
Democrat
Became President after Lincoln’s death
Reconstruction
Continued with Lincoln’s vision
Very lenient on southerners
Wanted to allowed Southerners to swear an oath of allegiance to become citizens again
Clashed with those who wanted “Radical Reconstruction”
Vetoed many Reconstruction bills, such as the Civil Rights Bill
First President to be impeached while in office
Senate voted to not remove him from office by one vote

20. # 18 Ulysses S. Grant President from 1869-1877
VP: Schuyler Colfax ( ); Henry Wilson ( ); NONE ( )
Republican
Military hero in Civil War
Accepted Lee’s surrender at Appomattox
Continued Radical Reconstruction
Passed the Civil Rights Act
15th Amendment—granted blacks the right to vote

21. Was still elected for a second term
Scandals
Black Friday
Jay Gould and James Fisk tried to corner the gold market, drove up price of gold
Credit Mobilier
Company sold stocks cheaply to Congress members in order to cover up stealing money from Union Pacific Railroad
Whiskey Ring
Distillers and federal agents were keeping the money from liquor taxes
Was still elected for a second term

22. # 19 Rutherford B. Hayes President from 1877-1881
VP: William A. Wheeler
Republican
Lost popular vote, but won electoral vote due to invalid ballots
Compromise of 1877
Ended military occupation of the south
Reformed Civil Service appointments
Attempted to end the spoils system
Returned country to the gold standard
Removed greenbacks from circulation

23. # 20 James Garfield President in 1881
VP: Chester A. Arthur
Republican
Only President for about 6 months, before he was shot and died of blood poisoning
Main action was continuing investigations into mail route contracts despite the implication of members of his own party

24. # 21 Chester Arthur President from 1881-1885
VP: NONE
Republican
President because of Garfield’s death
Chinese Exclusion Act
Halted Chinese immigration for 10 years
Pendleton Civil Service Act
Ended the spoils system in the American Government

25. # 22, 24 Grover Cleveland President from 1885-1889, and 1893-1897
VP: Adlai E. Stevenson ( ); Thomas A. Hendricks (1885); NONE ( )
Democrat
Presidential Succession Act
Set up the succession through the President’s cabinet
Interstate Commerce Act
Regulated interstate railroad rates
First Federal regulatory agency
Dawes Severalty Act
Granted citizenship and reservation land to native Americans willing to give up tribal allegiance

26. Withdrew a treaty annexing Hawai’i Panic of 1893
Government did not help as they did not think they had constitutional power
Repealed Sherman Silver Purchase Act
Silver was purchased by government and was redeemable in notes for either silver or gold
Pullman Strike
Ordered Federal troops to stop the strike and arrest Eugene Debs

27. # 23 Benjamin Harrison President from 1889-1893 Ran against Cleveland
VP: Levi P. Morton
Republican
Ran against Cleveland
Dependent and Disability Pensions Act
Provided money for veterans and their families if disabled while in service
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
Tried to stop the abuse of trusts and monopolies
Sherman Silver Purchase Act
Silver was purchased by government and was redeemable in notes for either silver or gold

28. # 25 William McKinley President from 1897-1901
VP: Garret A. Hobart ( ); NONE ( ); Theodore Roosevelt (1901)
Republican
Opposed William Jennings Bryan
“Cross of Gold” speech
Annexed Hawai’i
Spanish-American War
US Battleship Maine explosion
Open Door Policy
Equal trade in China
Gold Standard Act
Officially placed US on gold standard
Assassinated in 1901

29. # 26 Theodore Roosevelt President from 1901-1909 Panama Canal
VP: NONE ( ); Charles W. Fairbanks ( )
Republican; Progressive(Bull Moose)
Panama Canal
Roosevelt Corollary
It was the responsibility of America to respond with force to enforce the Monroe Doctrine
“Big Stick” Diplomacy
Trust-Buster
“Square Deal”
Meat Inspection and the Pure Food and Drug Act
Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle
Conservation Efforts
Gentleman’s Agreement
Slowed immigration of laborers from Japan to US

30. # 27 William Howard Taft President from 1909-1913
VP: James S. Sherman ( ); NONE ( )
Republican
Opposed William Jennings Bryan
Campaign focused more on personality than issues
Continued Roosevelt’s “trust-busting”
Brought down Standard Oil
Dollar Diplomacy
The use of the military and diplomacy to promote US business interests
Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act
Lowered tariff rates

31. # 28 Woodrow Wilson President from 1913-1921
VP: Thomas R. Marshall
Democrat
Opposed by both William Howard Taft and Theodore Roosevelt (Bull Moose)
Split Republican party, Easy win for Wilson
Was an isolationist
Major campaign promise, “He Kept Us Out Of The War”
Underwood Tariff
Lowered rates
Also created the first federal income tax

32. Clayton Anti-Trust Act World War I
Federal Reserve Act
Federal Reserve system to help deal with economic highs and lows
Clayton Anti-Trust Act
Allowed strikes, pickets, etc.
World War I
Sinking of the Lusitania
Zimmerman note
Germany trying to form an alliance with Mexico
Entered the war in 1917
“Fourteen Points”
Established the moral reasons for WWI
Became the basis for German surrender

33. Post-WWI Instrumental in the Treaty of Versailles League of Nations
Primarily Wilson’s idea
Won the 1919 Nobel Peace Prize for it
However, the US was never a member since the Senate failed to ratify the covenant
Opposition came mainly from Henry Cabot Lodge

34. # 98 Warren G. Harding President from 1921-1923
VP: Calvin Coolidge
Republican
Administration filled with scandals
Teapot Dome Scandal
Secretary of the Interior Albert Fall sold the rights to national oil reserves to private companies
Kept the US out of the League of Nations
US did not ratify the Treaty of Paris
Considered one of the worst presidents in US history
Died of a heart attack two years into term

35. # 30 Calvin Coolidge President from 1923-1929
VP: NONE ( ); Charles G. Dawes ( )
Republican
President because of Harding’s death
Immigration Act of 1924
Cut number of immigrants down to 150,000
Completely excluded Japanese immigrants
Cut taxes in 1924 and 1926
Increased spending money lead to over speculation which would eventually lead to the stock market crash

36. Vetoed (twice) farm relief bills to support farm prices
Veteran’s Bonus—1924
Passed despite Coolidge’s veto
Provided veterans with insurance redeemable in 20 years
Vetoed (twice) farm relief bills to support farm prices
Kellogg-Briand Pact
Fifteen countries agreed that war was not a viable method for settling disputes

37. # 31 Herbert Hoover
Republican, , 58% of the vote and 444 out of 531 votes.
unprepared to take the necessary measures to help the unemployed
took actions against groups like the Bonus Marchers
shanty’s were called hoovervilles

38. Herbert Hoover cont.
Hawley-Smoot Tariff was enacted to help protect farmers and others from foreign competition. Unfortunately, other nations also enacted tariffs which meant that trade around the world slowed down
He did not enact programs to help the unemployed but instead put some measures in place to help businesses.

39. #32 Franklin D. Roosevelt Democrat, 1933-1945, 12 years in office
1st Term: 57% of the popular vote and 472 electors versus Hoover's 59.
2nd Term: victory with 523 electoral votes versus Landon's 8.
3rd Term: won with 449 out of 531 electoral votes.
4th Term: 53% of the popular vote and winning 432 electoral votes versus 99 for Dewey.

40. FDR cont. Brain Trust to help him come up with effective public policy
Terms as president were marked by bold moves to fight the Great Depression and World War II
aggressive and unprecedented New Deal programs left a lasting mark on the American landscape
New Deal: the set of programs and policies designed to promote economic recovery and social reform introduced during the 1930s by FDR

41. FDR cont. Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA)
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
Works Progress Administration (WPA)
Social Security Act
Lend-Lease Act of 1941

42. FDR cont. declared a four-day banking holiday
Roosevelt met with Churchill and Joseph Stalin at Yalta where they promised concessions to Soviet Russia if the Soviets entered the war against Japan.
FDR's leadership throughout World War II led to victory for the Allies even though Roosevelt died before the war ended.

43. #33 Harry S. Truman
, Democrat, 49% of the popular vote and 303 of the possible 531 electoral votes.
ordered two nuclear bombs- Hiroshima on August 6, 1945, and Nagasaki on August 9, 1945.
Reasoning: speed up WWII, stop mainland fighting, and to send a message to the Soviet Union that U.S. wasn’t afraid of using a bomb

44. Truman cont. Used Marshall Plan
Truman's time in office was the Red Scare
Passed 22nd Amendment
Taft-Hartley Act
Fair Deal
Truman Doctrine
Berlin Airlift
NATO created

45. #34 Dwight D. Eisenhower
Republican, , 55% popular vote and 442 electoral votes
The campaign dealt with Communism and governmental waste.
Presidential term was in a time of relative peace (despite the Korean Conflict) and prosperity.
ensure that local schools were desegretated was an important step in the Civil Rights movement.

46. Eisenhower cont. embargo on Cuba
Eisenhower Doctrine: asserted that America had the right to aid any country threatened by Communist aggression.
sent federal troops to Little Rock, Arkansas to safeguard black students enrolling in a previously all-white school.
Berlin Wall erected 1961
U-2 spy plane incident

47. #35 John F. Kennedy
Democratic, , won by only 118,574 votes. Received 303 electoral votes.
were hailed as American royalty
More known as celebrity than president
Was assassinated November 22, 1963

48. JFK cont. Had trouble getting domestic policies through congress
However, increased minimum wage, better Social Security benefits, and an urban renewal package passed.
used executive orders and personal appeals to aid the Civil Rights movement

49. JFK cont.
Bay of Pigs- small force of Cuban exiles were to lead a revolt in Cuba but were captured instead.
This stand off led to the dismantling of the missile silos in exchange for promises that the US would not invade Cuba.

50. #36 Lyndon B. Johnson
, Democrat, won with 61% of the popular vote and 486 of the electoral votes.
Escalated the war in Vietnam and eventually had to turn to peace when the U.S. was unable to achieve victory

51. Johnson cont. remembered for his Great Society
Medicare, Medicaid, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and 1968 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 were passed

52. #37 Richard Nixon Republican, 1969-1974
1st Term: 43% of the popular vote and 301 electoral votes.
2nd Term: won with 61% of the vote and 520 electoral votes.

53. Nixon cont.
In 1972, President Nixon traveled to China to try and encourage peace and more contact between the two nations.
Environmental Protection Agency
Watergate Scandal: the break-in into the Democratic National Committee headquarters at the Watergate office complex in Washington, D.C.
Nixon resigned when he was faced with impeachment. He left office on August 9, 1974.

54. #38 Gerald Ford
Republican, , took office when Nixon was impeached
Ran for reelection but lost to Jimmy Carter

55. Ford cont.
Offered clemency to those who evaded the draft during the Vietnam War if they would swear allegiance and perform two years of public service.
Escaped two assassination attempts, both by women

56. #39 Jimmy Carter
Democrat, , 50% of the popular vote and 297 out of 538 electoral votes
Was president at a time when energy issues came to the forefront

57. Carter cont. Department of Energy was created
Three Mile Island incident resulted in requiring regulations on Nuclear Energy plants
Invited Egyptian president Anwar Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin to Camp David for peace talks
led to a formal peace treaty in 1979

58. Carter cont.
November 4, 1979, the U.S. embassy in Teheran, Iran was seized and 60 Americans were taken hostage
Carter suspended oil imports from Iran and the UN Security Council called for the release of the hostages
Ayatollah Khomeini agreed to release the hostages in exchange for unfreezing Iranian assets in the U.S.
They were not released till Reagan was president
This incident was a major reason Carter didn’t receive reelection

59. #40 Ronald Reagan 1981-1989, Republican
Campaign centered on inflation, the gasoline shortage, and the Iran hostage situation.

60. Reagan Continued
Adopted an economic policy whereby tax cuts were created to help increase savings, spending, and investment
Inflation and employment went down
A huge Budget deficit was created
Berlin Wall speech
First/Only comprehensive nuclear arms reduction treaty (IRBM)

61. Reagan cont.
Major issue with second administration: Iran-Contra Scandal
Reagan's administration had a growing relationship between the U.S. and the Soviet Union

62. #41 George H. W. Bush 1989-1993, Republican
Campaign was extremely negative and centered around attacks instead of plans for the future

63. Bush cont.
Bush sent troops into Panama to depose General Manuel Noriega who was involved in drug trafficking
Desert Storm: remove Iraqi forces from Kuwait
Was required to sign a bill into law to raise taxes to try and reduce the deficit
Signed into law a bail out plan paid for by taxpayers
Formal end to Cold War/Fall of Berlin Wall 1989

64. Bill Clinton Democrat, 1993-2001
Campaign emphasized job creation, and that he was more in touch with the common people opposed to George H. W. Bush

65. Clinton cont.
First two term Democratic president since Franklin Roosevelt
Family and Medical Leave Act
North American Free Trade Agreement that allowed for unrestricted trade between Canada, the U.S., Chile, and Mexico.
Monica Lewinsky affair: caused for Clinton’s impeachment

66. George W. Bush Republican, 2001-2009 9-11 attacks by Al-Qaeda
Ordered the invasion of Afghanistan and the overthrow of the Taliban

67. Bush cont.
Declared war on Saddam Hussein and Iraq for the fear that they were hiding Weapons of Mass Destruction
No Child Left Behind Act
Bush announced a new plan for NASA and space exploration after Space Shuttle Columbia exploded

68. #44 Barack Obama Democrat, 2009-incumbent First black president
Opposed Bush’s tax cuts, proposed tax hikes on the wealthiest 5% of households

69. Obama cont. Plans for big public investments Alternative energy
Infrastructure repair
Opened a new chapter in the history of race relations
Opposed war in Iraq