1. Europe in the Middle Ages Chapter 10

2. Europe in the Middle Ages can be categorized by 3 trends: the spread of civilization to all of Europe the spread of Christianity growing contact with other civilizations in Asia, Africa & the Middle East

3. Politics

4. The Manorial System Manorial system in place from the fall of Rome to the 10 th century “Manorialism was the system of economic and political relations between landlords and their peasant laborers.” Landlords own self- sufficient estate or manor, run on agriculture. Three-field & iron moldboard system made life easier—produced more food

5. Three-field System

6. Serfs on a Manor Serfs worked on the manors Received protection and small amount of land Worked on lord’s fields, paid taxes to lord Could not leave the lord’s land Serfs had to pay a portion of their own crops to landlord to: graze their livestock in his fields mill their grain in his mill Also had to work on lord’s castle a certain number of days a year Serfs not slaves Couldn’t be bought or sold Owned their house & land Could pass on their items to their children

9. The Church Some Church leaders sought secular power. Pope Gregory VII and reform priests to be unmarried Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV and investiture Some secular leaders sought power over the Church. The Inquisition Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV with Antipope Clement III

10. Feudal Monarchies Growing territory under one feudal lord Feudalism as a replacement for bureaucracy Prevention of a strong emperor / central government Feudal alliances in France for the Capetian family Rulers gradually developed a bureaucracy, hiring business people to staff it. Coronation of the Capetian king Philip II in France

11. Limited Government Lack of central authority in Germany and Italy (Holy Roman Empire) Church role in limited government Feudal lords challenge growing power of monarchies Magna Carta in England Creation of parliaments Parliaments represent the 3 estates No concept of citizenship or democracy Monarchs growing power and the idea of a nation Hundred Years’ War King John signs the Magna Carta, surrounded by Feudal lords

12. Economics

13. Economic Development & The Rise of Cities New agricultural techniques & technology iron moldboard plow three-field system horse collar End of Viking raids Population growth forces people to find new ways to make money Loosening of serfdom Foreign food Education in cities a medieval university in Paris

14. Strains in Rural Life Improvements to agriculture means improvements to the lives of serfs and peasants. Nobles kept working in the military and in agriculture—but wanted to make more money like the merchants. Lords taxed serfs and peasants more, causing them to be angry and revolt. More complex society = more social strains On the whole: serfs & peasants had greater freedom. a peasant revolt in England in the 14 th century

15. Growth of Trade & Banking Cities allowed for specialized manufacturing and commercial activities, which then promoted more trade. Rise of banking & increased money use Trade with other parts of the world Development of commercial alliances Hanseatic League in northern Germany and Scandanavia Investment in international trade medieval banking

16. Guilds Guilds are a group of people in the same business or trade in a single city. Artisan guilds Merchant guilds

17. Religion

18. Religious Reform Pope Gregory VII St. Clare of Assisi Great Schism Avignon vs. Rome Jan (John) Hus Jan Hus

20. Faith & Reason in Theology Preserving ancient knowledge St. Augustine Aristotle How to combine these two traditions? Advances in theology and philosophy logic to prove God’s existence Opposition to rationalist thought Bernard of Clairvaux and the mystical union with God New knowledge imported from other cultures Thomas Aquinas scholasticism

21. Popular Religion Most people illiterate— relied on rituals and religious art Popular religious devotion Devotion to Mary Veneration of the saints Leftover Pagan beliefs sometimes mixed with Christian beliefs a medieval Madonna painting

22. Religion in Art & Literature Art reflects popular view of religion Art & architecture intended to serve the glory of God Romanesque to Gothic design Literature in Latin and vernacular Beowulf Canterbury Tales

23. Rogier van der Weyden Bladelin Triptych

24. Society

25. The Rise of the Middle Class Cities allow for a new class to emerge: not peasants but not nobles Middle-class makes its money by buying & selling goods (merchants) Middle-class able to become more educated in cities medieval merchants

26. The Role of Women spiritual equality of men and women under Christianity women’s impact on theology Urban women worked with their merchant husbands Craft guilds forbade women The Moneylender and His Wife by Quentin Matsys

27. References Pictures Depiction of a Manor House. “End of Europe’s Middle Ages”. Applied History Research Group. University of Calgary, 1997. Web. 11 March 2014. All About Medieval Europe. “Medieval Europe”. Mrs. Hals’ Classrooms and Clubs. Wikispaces, 2014. Web. 11 March 2014. “The Black Death”. Shoeing in the Middle Ages. Word Press, 11 June 2012. Web. 11 March 2014. “Illuminating Fashion: Dress in the Art of Medieval France and the Netherlands – new exhibition at The Morgan Library and Museum” Medievalists.net Wordpress, 21 May 2011. Web. 12 March 2013. “Banking Medieval Style.” Paradoxplace. Paradoxplace.com. Web. 12 March 2014. "1902 Coat of Arms of Guilsd I. Weaver.” CabinetOfTreasures. Etsy. Web. 12 March 2014. The Great Schism (1378-1415). “Seven Historical Events that Prepared the Way for the Reformation ”. Credo House Ministries. Parchment and Pen. 26 Nov 2012. Web. 13 March 2014. “St Thomas Acquinas”. Monastary Icons. Monastary Icons. 2014. Web. 13 March 2014. Rogier van der Weyden, Bladelin Triptych. “ Jan Van Eyck's Arnolfini "Wedding" Portrait”. Suny Oneonta. Oneonta.edu. Web. 13 March 2014. Fabien1309. “Cathedrale vue de montjuzet detail". Wikimedia. 26 April 2006. Web. 13 March 2014. “Rise of the Medieval City”. Webquest.org Pacific.edu. 9. Oct 2005. Web. 14 March 2014. Information Stearns, Peter N. et al. “A New Civilization Emerges in Western Europe.” World Civilizations: The Global Experience. Pearson Education, New York: 2006. Print. p. 213-236.