1. CHANGES IN THE NATURE AND FUNCTIONS OF STATE STRUCTURES
MODERN ERA:
CHANGES IN THE NATURE AND FUNCTIONS OF STATE STRUCTURES

2. Thomas Hobbes
an English philosopher, known today for his work on political philosophy.
established the foundation for most of Western political philosophy.
Believed life was too short ,so people should trust the government

3. John Locke "Father of Classical Liberalism".
contributions to classical republicanism and liberal theory are reflected in the United States Declaration of Independence

4. Jean-Jacques Rousseau
political philosophy influenced the French Revolution
His Discourse on the Origin of Inequality and On the Social Contract are cornerstones in modern political and social thought.
Believed no matter the cost people should govern.

5. William Wilberforce Member of Parliament
Fighter for abolition in England
Promoter of religion, morality, and education

6. Simon Bolivar Led independence movement in South America
Inspired by George Washington, took arms against Spanish rule in 1811
Bolivar's effort of creating the Gran Colombia failed in 1830s

7. The thinking behind revolution

8. REVOLUTIONARY IDEAS Revolution A popular idea, means to an end
A way to restructure society
Popular sovereignty
Relocating sovereignty in the people
Traditional monarchs
Claimed a "divine right" to rule, unquestionable
Constitutional Limitations
Aristocracy, Enlightenment challenged king
Glorious Revolution of 1688
Made the monarch responsible to the people
John Locke's theory of contractual government
Authority comes from the consent of the governed
Freedom and equality
Demands for freedom of worship
Freedom of expression, assembly
Demands for political and legal equality
Condemned legal, social privileges of aristocrats
Equality not extended to all
Women, Peasants, laborers, slaves, or people of color
Originally only extended to tax paying males with education
Ideals of Enlightenment were significant global influence

9. TYPES OF REVOLUTIONS Aristocratic Revolution
Aristocracy fights to preserve privileges
Often against royal absolutism
Rarely for other classes rights
Usually ends with constitution, limits on monarchy
Bourgeois (liberal) Revolution
Middle class seeks rights equal to nobility
Extension of franchise, ability to hold office
Issues of taxation often involved
Reforms limited and rarely radical, franchise limited
American (1776), French (1789), Meiji Restoration (1867)
Latin American Revolutions (1820s)
Mass revolutions
Most of society effected and involved
Often goals are quite radical and methods often quite violent
Nationalist Revolutions
China (1911)
Haitian Revolution (1793)
Socialist Revolutions
Worker-Oriented or Peasant-Oriented
Russian Revolution (1905), Mexican Revolution (1910)

10. REFORM Often system allowed change without radical means, violence
Reform was a theme of 1750 – 1914
Reform movements
Increased, responsive democratic representation, institutions
Expansion of male suffrage was the key issue
One of the hallmarks of a democratic society
Very successful in US, Western Europe, British settler colonies, Japan
Less so in Latin America, Russia, Eastern Europe, Africa, Asia
Abolition of slavery, serfdom
Abolition movement was very successful
Other forms of coercive labor replaced them
Racial, social equality did not follow
Women Rights
One goal was full female franchise
Not achieved until after 1914 but progress

11. The -isms

12. NATIONALISM
Born in France (Joan of Arc), spread abroad during French Revolution
Idea began as radical, adopted by liberals, used by conservatives
An idea which could unify society across social classes
Many aspects similar to religion, faith
Loyalty to state often replaces loyalty to church, monarch
Dominated 19th century
Cultural nationalism
An expression of national identity
Emphasized common historical experience
Used folk culture, literature, music
Illustrated national spirit, distinctiveness
Political nationalism more intense in the nineteenth century
Demanded loyalty, solidarity from national group
Minorities sought independence as national community
Young Italy formed by Giuseppe Mazzini
World-wide spread
Contact with Europeans introduced others to idea of nationalism
Nationalism often brought with it western ideas, structures
Strongest in Middle East, India, Japan
Zionism
Jewish nationalism as a response to European anti-Semitism
Movement founded by Theodor Herzl to create Jewish state in Palestine
Jewish state of Israel finally created in 1948

13. MARXISM: Workers will stage a revolution and overthrow capitalism, state LENINISM: Will only succeed with the leadership of an elite group of revolutionaries

14. EMERGENCE OF IDEOLOGIES
Conservatism
Called the Ancient Regime
Resisted change, opposed revolutions
Importance of continuity, tradition, aristocracy
Edmund Burke
Viewed society as organism that changed slowly over time
American Revolution: natural, logical outcome of history
French Revolution: violent and irresponsible
Congress of Vienna was a Conservative restoration
Restored Balance of Power; ruled through great powers
Monarchy was at heart of conservatism
Liberalism
Welcomed controlled change as an agent of progress
Strongly middle class, support economic reform, education to help industrialization
Wanted to reform political structure, increase electorate slightly
Championed freedom, equality, democracy, written constitutions
Limits on state power, interference in individual freedoms
John Stuart Mill championed individual freedom and minority rights
Radicalism
Accepted liberal ideas but wanted universal voting rights
Many wanted outright democracy, social reforms in interests of lower classes
A few were socialists, attacked all private property, class status
Saw radical solutions (revolution) as only way to status quo
Represented by French Revolution, democracy, early nationalism
Nationalism often both radical and liberal but largely anti-conservative

15. Revolutions

16. THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION
Tension between Britain, American colonies
Legacy of Seven Years' War
British debt, North American tax burden
Colonists increasingly independent minded
Colonial protest
Over taxes, trade policies, Parliamentary rule
Colonial boycott of British goods
Attacks on British officials; Boston Tea Party, 1773
Political protest over representation in Parliament
Continental Congress, 1774
British troops, colonial militia skirmished at the village of Lexington, 1775
The Declaration of Independence, 4 July 1776
Declaration inspired by Enlightenment, Locke's theory of government
The American Revolution,
Building an independent state: Constitutional Convention, 1787

17. FRENCH REVOLUTION & NAPOLEON
Summoning the Estates General
Financial crisis: King Louis XVI forced to summon Estates General to raise new taxes
First and Second Estates (nobles, clergy) tried to limit Third Estate (commoners)
National Assembly
Formed by representatives of Third Estate, 17 June 1789
Demanded a written constitution and popular sovereignty
Angry mob seized the Bastille on 14 July, sparked insurrections in many cities
National Assembly wrote the "Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen"
The Assembly abolished the feudal system, altered the role of church
France became a constitutional monarchy, 1791
The Convention and the Reign of Terror
Replaced National Assembly under new constitution, 1791
Convention abolished the monarchy and proclaimed France a republic
King Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette executed, 1793
Radical Jacobins dominated Convention in in "reign of terror"
During the Reign of Terror, at least 300,000 suspects were arrested; 17,000 were officially executed, and many died in prison or without trial.
Revolutionary changes: in religion, dress, calendar, women's rights
The Directory,
A conservative reaction against the excesses of the Convention
Executed the Jacobin leader Robespierre, July 1794
Napoleonic France was Enlightened Despotism
Brought stability: blended monarchy, autocracy, democracy
Made peace with the Roman Catholic church and pope
Reformed French economic, banking system: mercantilism
Extended freedom of religion to Protestants and Jews
Civil Code of 1804: political and legal equality for all adult men
Code Napoleon: becomes one of the world’s great legal traditions
Restricted individual freedom, especially speech and press
Despotism:absolute monarchs pursued legal, social, and educational reforms
The code forbade privileges based on birth, allowed freedom of religion, and specified that government jobs should go to the most qualified.

18. THE POLITICAL SPECTRUM

19. HAITIAN REVOLUTION Saint-Domingue
Rich French colony on western Hispaniola
Society dominated by small white planter class
90 percent of population were slaves
Horrendous working conditions
Large communities of escaped slaves (maroons)
Ideas of Enlightenment reached educated blacks
Free blacks fought in American war
Slave revolt began in 1791
Factions of white settlers, gens de couleur, slaves battled each other
French troops arrived in 1792; British, Spanish intervened in 1793
Slaves conquer whole island including Spanish part
Whites driven into exile, executed
Toussaint Louverture ( )
Son of slaves, literate, son of Enlightenment
Skilled organizer, built strong, disciplined army
Controlled most of Saint-Domingue by 1797
Created a constitution in 1801
Arrested by French troops; died in jail, 1803
Haiti
Yellow fever ravaged French troops
Declared independence in 1803; republic established in 1804
Civil War followed until 1810; kingdom to 1820
Dominican Republic independent in 1844

20. INDEPENDENCE IN LATIN AMERICA
Mexican independence
Napoleon's invasion of Spain in 1807 weakened royal control of colonies
1810: peasant revolt in Mexico led by Hidalgo, defeated by conservative creoles
1821: Mexico briefly a military dictatorship, then in 1822 a republic
Jose de San Martin 1825
Led independence movements in Bolivia, Argentina, Chile
United efforts with Bolivar
Brazilian independence
Portuguese royal court fled to Rio de Janeiro, 1807
Brazil declared a separate kingdom during exile
The king's son, Pedro, agreed to Brazilian independence, 1821
Creole dominance in Latin America
Independence brought little social change in Latin America
Principal beneficiaries were creole elites
Caribbean remained largely under European control

21. THE NEW AMERICAN MAP

22. RUSSIAN REVOLUTION OF 1905 Russian Revolution of 1905
Military defeat, humiliation in Russo-Japanese War was cause
Russia always diverted domestic tension by short, successful wars
In 1870s, 1880s had expanded against Ottoman Empire
Massive protests followed news of defeat
Workers mounted general strikes in St. Petersburg, Moscow
Peasant insurrections in countryside against landlords
Police repressions ineffective, just upset people
Bloody Sunday massacre
Poor workers of St. Petersburg march to palace to ask tsar for help
Unarmed workers shot down by government troops
Peasants seized landlords' property, killed landlords
Workers formed soviets (worker councils) in cities, factories
Workers tended towards non-Marxist socialists; Marxists marginalized
Sought to achieve ends without full scale revolution
A Fizzled Revolution
Tsar forced to accept elected legislature, the Duma
Many parties elected with conflicting interests
Unable, unwilling to cooperate
Rendered ineffective by tsar, bureaucracy
Stolypin Reforms
Reforms allowed peasants to buy land; end redemptive payments
Small group of very successful peasant landowners began to arise
Rights for workers gradually ignored, cancelled
Army failed to support revolution
For the Future
Nicholas II was weak, ill-advised, unwilling to end autocracy
Russian Marxists emboldened, reorganized, radicalized
Peasants, workers radicalized, unlikely to cooperate in future

23. MEXICAN REVOLUTION 1911- 1920 The Revolution (1910-1920)
Middle class joins peasants, workers overthrow Diaz
Class Factions
: all rebels vs. Diaz and Huerta
: Carranza, Obregon vs. Zapata, Villa
Regional Revolutions: North, South, Yucatan
Course of the Revolution
Liberal Middle Class Leaders
Francisco Madero rules at first
Seeks middle class constitutional democracy
Opposes land reform; landless peasants attack large landowners
Peasant armies win pitched battles against government troops
General Huerta, army side with landowners, kills Madero
Venustiano Carranza
Organizes coalition with Villa, Zapata, Obregon
US troops sent by Wilson support Carranza, Huerta resigns
Peasant, Common Rebels
Pancho Villa led northern rebels, especially landless peasants
Emiliano Zapata initiates land reform in the Southern areas he controls
US Intervenes in 1914 (Veracruz) and 1916 (Chasing Pancho Villa)
Civil War 1914 – 1917: Constitutionalists (Carranza) win, reestablish control
Women’s Roles: Soldaderas (camp followers), Soldiers, Political Activists
New Constitution of 1917 brought sweeping reform
Advanced nationalist, radical views
Universal male suffrage (hostile to women)
Power, property of Church restricted
Free, secular, obligatory primary education
Returned lands seized illegally; curbed foreign ownership
8 hour work day, Minimum wage, Strikes legal

24. CHINESE REVOLUTION Reform Fails Chinese leaders
Chinese elites unwilling, unable to reform
Boxer Rebellion shows weakness of state, humiliating to Chinese
Chinese leaders
Leaders educated abroad, especially Japan, US
Sun Yat-sen
Founds United League in Tokyo using Chinese foreign funds
Wins support of many military officers, foreign exiles
Sun’s Three Principles of the People
Nationalism: Overthrow Manchus, end foreign hegemony
Democracy: Popularly elected republican form of government
People's Livelihood: help people, regulate means of production, land
1911 Revolution broke out in Hubei
Local army rebellion followed by many armies
Joined by United League members
2/3 of provinces join rebels
1912
Last Emperor abdicates
Sun Yat-sen inaugurated as first president
General Yuanshikai in Beijing takes control
Sun resigns as president to unify the state
Results
Revolution did not establish a stable republic
China fell into warlords' rule
Through unequal treaties, foreign states still controlled economy of China
Growth of Chinese nationalism, radicalism