1. Russia in 1800s Romanov Autocracy to Reform Alexander I Nicolas I Alexander II Alexander III Nicolas II

2. RUSSIA: EMPIRE UNDER PRESSURE Post-1812 –Great concern with defense, liberal ideas as threat to old order –Government introduced reforms to improve bureaucracy –Made an alliance with the conservative powers of Europe to maintain order December Uprising 1825 –Death of Alexander I prompted some western-oriented officers to rebel –Suppressed mercilessly by new tsar Nicholas I –Orthodoxy, autocracy and nationality –State became very repressive, secret police –Policeman of Europe: used army to suppress revolutions –Suppressed rebellion in Poland –Policy of foreign wars to divert domestic problems Serfdom Issue –Russia needed work force in order to industrial Serfdom not efficient Lack of workers in cities an obstacle to economic development –Gap between western, eastern Europe economic systems –Emancipation of serfs by Alexander II begun in 1863 Due to loss in Crimean War Serfs gained right to own land, got most of the land from nobles Nobles kept best and gave worst to serfs Serfs had no political rights; had to pay a redemption tax on land: kept them in permanent debt –Emancipation did not increase agricultural production –Tsar was careful to preserve aristocratic order; serfs received no political rights Stolypin Reforms in early 1900s allowed purchase of land and gave rise to a new gentry in Russia called Kulaks Political and legal reforms followed –1864: creation of zemstvos Local assemblies with representatives from all classes Tended to only see local interests and not national concerns; legal reform more successful A weak system: nobles dominated, tsar held veto power –Small middle class grew; improved corps of army officers; middle class politicians, bureaucrats –Literacy increased; readership spread; some women enter intellectual community

3. RUSSIAN EXPANSION Nineteenth-century Russia –Collapse of Napoleon left Russia as great power Russia dominates Eastern Europe (saved both Prussia, Austria) Russia increased presence in Central Europe, Northern Europe Russia wants to push into Ottoman SE Europe, SW Asia Expands into Central Asia, Pacific –Autocracy, Orthodoxy, Conservatism Official government policy to uphold conservatism Pre-destined Russia to oppose revolution, change everywhere –Rise of Pan-Slavic Nationalism Sought to control all Orthodox, Slavs Brought Russia into conflict with Ottoman Empire, Austria in Balkans Also wanted access to Mediterranean Sea Hoped to seize control of Constantinople War against the Ottoman Empire –Numerous wars to acquire Turkish lands in SE Europe, Caucasus –Supported rise of Christian Balkan states under Russian influence –Crimean War 1853 - 1856 France, Great Britain, Sardinia supported Ottomans Crushing defeat; forced tsars to modernize army, industry Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905 –Russian expansion into China, Korea met Japan –Japanese attack Russia without warning –Defeat two Russian fleets, armies –First defeat of a European by an Asian power –Japan emerges as a world military power

4. RUSSIAN EMPIRE

5. RUSSIAN REPRESSION & MARXISM Cycles of protest and repression –Peasants Often landless, no political power Frustrated by lack of meaningful reform Peasant uprisings become more common than serf as frustration heightened Population increased as potato introduced, increasing pressures on society –Social Protest Antigovernment protest and revolutionary activity increased in 1870s –Middle Class, some aristocrats advocated rights, political representation –Radical Intelligentsia advocated socialism and anarchism, recruited in countryside Repression by tsarist authorities: secret police, censorship –Russification: sparked ethnic nationalism, attacks on Jews tolerated Terrorism emerges as a tool of opposition –Radicals wanted solution to social issue from a Russian perspective Young intellectuals went directly to the peasants Most opposed westernization, autocracy, capitalism Many became peasant anarchists Alexander II, the reforming tsar, assassinated by a bomb in 1881 –Nicholas II (1894-1917), more oppressive, conservative ruler Marxism and the Reality of Russia –Marx foresaw a revolution by workers –Russia lacked lack worker base; society was largely peasant –Workers tended to be radical but misdirected –Russia lacked a middle class running society prior to revolution The Bolsheviks (Russian Marxists) & Vladimir Ilyich Lenin –From middle class bureaucratic family, was an intellectual –Argued that proletariat was developing in advance of revolution Felt Russia could have a revolution without a middle class phase ‘What is to be done” Organized an elite revolutionary party to lead workers, peasants Organized the Bolsheviks –Party was secretive as Russian secret police everywhere Infiltrated unions, workers organizations, peasant groups Agitated against government, organized secret cells to lead revolution

6. MARXISM: Workers will stage a revolution and overthrow capitalism, state LENINISM: Will o nly succeed with the leadership of an elite group of revolutionaries

7. RUSSIAN INDUSTRIALIZATION Russia experienced the 2 nd Industrial Revolution –Financed by exportation of minerals, oil, gas, grains –Development of rail system spurred other industries, exports –Strongest development in coal, steel areas of Ukraine –Rise of industrial cities: St. Petersburg. Moscow, Poland, Ukraine Promoted by tsarist government, French government –France needed Russia as a military ally against Germany –Russia needed a modern economy to compete on world stage –Formula: French loans/investment, sale of Russian grain Sergei Witte, Minister of finance, 1892-1903 –Top-down Management Style –Supported railway construction Military rationale: to move troops to border if attacked But stimulated other industries including exports –Remodeled the state bank –Protected infant industries with tariffs, subsidies –Secured foreign loans especially from France Industrial discontent intensified –Rapid growth of factories, urban working class –Industrialization fell hardest on working classes –Government reaction Outlawed unions, strikes Workers increasingly radical socialists, Marxists, Populists –Business class supported autocracy, not reform By 1900 produced half the world's oil, significant iron, armaments

8. TRANS-SIBERIAN RAILROAD Cities, industry grew up along railroad; mines farms, opened in area

9. RUSSIAN REVOLUTION OF 1905 Russian Revolution of 1905 –Military defeat, humiliation in Russo-Japanese War was cause Russia always diverted domestic tension by short, successful wars In 1870s, 1880s had expanded against Ottoman Empire –Massive protests followed news of defeat Workers mounted general strikes in St. Petersburg, Moscow Peasant insurrections in countryside against landlords Police repressions ineffective, just upset people –Bloody Sunday massacre Poor workers of St. Petersburg march to palace to ask tsar for help Unarmed workers shot down by government troops –Peasants seized landlords' property, killed landlords –Workers formed soviets (worker councils) in cities, factories Workers tended towards non-Marxist socialists; Marxists marginalized Sought to achieve ends without full scale revolution A Fizzled Revolution –Tsar forced to accept elected legislature, the Duma Many parties elected with conflicting interests Unable, unwilling to cooperate Rendered ineffective by tsar, bureaucracy –Stolypin Reforms Reforms allowed peasants to buy land; end redemptive payments Small group of very successful peasant landowners began to arise Rights for workers gradually ignored, cancelled –Army failed to support revolution For the Future –Nicholas II was weak, ill-advised, unwilling to end autocracy –Russian Marxists emboldened, reorganized, radicalized –Peasants, workers radicalized, unlikely to cooperate in future

10. History of Russian/Soviet Secret Police oprichnina – secret units used by Ivan IV –The era in the 1550s during which Ivan IV (the Terrible) brutally punished and decimated the boyar class. Okhara Cheka 1917 - 1922 GPU (Gosudarstvennoe politicheskoe upravlenie) KGB (Komitet gosudarstvennoi bezopasnosti) –Committee for State Security. The predominant security police organization since its establishment in 1954. Federal Security Service Cheka – 1917 – 1921 period known as the Red Terror The Cheka later developed into NKVD (People’s Commissariat of Domestic Affairs) then into the MGB (Ministry for State Security) and then into the infamous KGB (Committee for the State Security), the dreaded repression machine that executed and imprisoned tens of millions of Russians. Now it is Federal Security Service