1. Russia in the Long 19 th Century Reform and Revolution

2. Similarities in the development of Russia and Japan Russia and Japan resisted 19th-century European domination. Russia and Japan resisted 19th-century European domination. By 1914, their move toward industrialization preserved their independence. By 1914, their move toward industrialization preserved their independence. Both were able to join in the imperialist scramble. Both were able to join in the imperialist scramble. Both had prior experience of cultural imitation: Japan from China, and Russia from Byzantium and the West. Both had prior experience of cultural imitation: Japan from China, and Russia from Byzantium and the West.

3. Differences in the development of Russia and Japan Japan displayed more political flexibility than did Russia. Japan displayed more political flexibility than did Russia. Change in Russia increased internal tensions and led to revolution. Change in Russia increased internal tensions and led to revolution. While Japan, pulled away from the rest of East Asia; Russia continued expanding its influence in eastern Europe and central Asia. While Japan, pulled away from the rest of East Asia; Russia continued expanding its influence in eastern Europe and central Asia.

4. Russia before Reform. Napoleon’s invasion of 1812 produced a backlash in Russia against Westernization Napoleon’s invasion of 1812 produced a backlash in Russia against Westernization Conservative intellectuals embraced the turn to isolation as a way of vaunting Russian values and institutions, including serfdom. Conservative intellectuals embraced the turn to isolation as a way of vaunting Russian values and institutions, including serfdom. Some intellectuals remained fascinated with Western developments in politics, science, and culture. Some intellectuals remained fascinated with Western developments in politics, science, and culture.

5. Decembrist Revolt of 1825 Western-oriented army officers fomented the revolt. Western-oriented army officers fomented the revolt. Czar Nicholas I repressed opposition. Czar Nicholas I repressed opposition. As a consequence, Russia escaped the European revolutions of 1830 and 1848. As a consequence, Russia escaped the European revolutions of 1830 and 1848.

6. Russia continued its territorial expansion. The Congress of Vienna confirmed Russia’s hold over Poland; Polish nationalist revolts during the 1830s were brutally suppressed. The Congress of Vienna confirmed Russia’s hold over Poland; Polish nationalist revolts during the 1830s were brutally suppressed. Pressure on the Ottoman Empire continued; Russia supported dissidents in Greece and Serbia. Pressure on the Ottoman Empire continued; Russia supported dissidents in Greece and Serbia.

7. Economic and Social Problems Russia fell behind the West because it failed to industrialize. Russia fell behind the West because it failed to industrialize. Russia remained a profoundly agricultural society dependent on unfree labor. Russia remained a profoundly agricultural society dependent on unfree labor. Landlords increased exports of grain by tightening labor obligations on serfs. Landlords increased exports of grain by tightening labor obligations on serfs.

8. The Crimean War (1854-1856). Britain and France came to the support of the Ottomans and defeated the Russians because of their industrial economies. Britain and France came to the support of the Ottomans and defeated the Russians because of their industrial economies. The defeat convinced Czar Alexander II that reforms were necessary, in particular the issue of serfdom. The defeat convinced Czar Alexander II that reforms were necessary, in particular the issue of serfdom. Why Reform?

9. Many individuals believed that a free labor force would benefit Russia: Many individuals believed that a free labor force would benefit Russia: –It would produce higher agricultural profits. –It would end abuses. –It would end periodic peasant uprisings. Reform was seen as a way to protect distinctive Russian institutions; not to copy the West. Reform was seen as a way to protect distinctive Russian institutions; not to copy the West.

10. Russia’s Reforms and Industrial Advance. Russia moved into an active period of social and political reform in 1861. Russia moved into an active period of social and political reform in 1861. Immense social strain resulted as the government attempted to remain autocratic. Immense social strain resulted as the government attempted to remain autocratic.

11. The Reform Era Serfs were emancipated in 1861; they received land but did not gain any political freedoms. Serfs were emancipated in 1861; they received land but did not gain any political freedoms. They were tied to their villages until they paid for the lands they had received. This combined with increasing taxation, kept most peasants very poor. They were tied to their villages until they paid for the lands they had received. This combined with increasing taxation, kept most peasants very poor. The emancipation created a larger urban labor force, but it did not spur agricultural productivity. The emancipation created a larger urban labor force, but it did not spur agricultural productivity. Peasants continued to use old methods on their small holdings. Peasants continued to use old methods on their small holdings. Peasant uprisings persisted because of the enduring harsh conditions that were exacerbated by population growth. Peasant uprisings persisted because of the enduring harsh conditions that were exacerbated by population growth.

12. Political Reform Efforts Reforms of Czar Alexander II (1860s and 1870s) Reforms of Czar Alexander II (1860s and 1870s) –improved law codes –created local political councils (zemstvoes) with authority over regional matters.  The councils gave political experience to middle- class people  But they had no influence on national policy. Military reform included officer promotion through merit and increased recruitment. Military reform included officer promotion through merit and increased recruitment.

13. Social Reform Efforts There was limited extension of the education system. There was limited extension of the education system. Literacy increased rapidly and a market for popular reading matter developed. Literacy increased rapidly and a market for popular reading matter developed. Some women gained access to higher education and professions. Some women gained access to higher education and professions. In family organization, Russia followed earlier European trends. In family organization, Russia followed earlier European trends.

14. Economic Change: Industrialization. Since Russia lacked a middle class and capital, the state played an important role. Since Russia lacked a middle class and capital, the state played an important role. A railway system (Trans-Siberian Railroad) was created in the 1870s; it reached the Pacific in the 1880s and brought: A railway system (Trans-Siberian Railroad) was created in the 1870s; it reached the Pacific in the 1880s and brought: –increased iron and coal production. –increased the export of grain to the West. –opened Siberia to development and –increased Russian involvement in Asia. Factories appeared in Russian and Polish cities by the 1880s, and the government quickly acted to protect them from foreign competition. Factories appeared in Russian and Polish cities by the 1880s, and the government quickly acted to protect them from foreign competition.

16. Financial Reforms under Count Witte (1892 to 1903) High tariffs. High tariffs. Improved the banking system. Improved the banking system. Encouraged Western investment. Encouraged Western investment. By 1900, about half of industry was foreign-owned and Russia became a debtor nation. By 1900, about half of industry was foreign-owned and Russia became a debtor nation.

17. Assessing the Success of Russian Industrialization By 1900 some Russian industries were challenging world leaders, however the Russian industrial revolution was in its early stages. By 1900 some Russian industries were challenging world leaders, however the Russian industrial revolution was in its early stages. Its world rank was due to its great size and rich resources, not its technology or trained workforce. Its world rank was due to its great size and rich resources, not its technology or trained workforce. Despite all the reform, Russia remained a traditional peasant society that had not experienced many of the changes that had occurred with Western industrialization. Despite all the reform, Russia remained a traditional peasant society that had not experienced many of the changes that had occurred with Western industrialization.

18. The Road to Revolution. Alexander II’s reforms and economic change encouraged minority nationality demands in the empire. Alexander II’s reforms and economic change encouraged minority nationality demands in the empire. Cultural nationalism led to political demands and worried the state. Cultural nationalism led to political demands and worried the state.

19. Peasant Unrest Social protest was heightened by the limitations of reform and by industrialization. Social protest was heightened by the limitations of reform and by industrialization. Peasants suffered from famine, redemption payments, taxes, and population pressure. Peasants suffered from famine, redemption payments, taxes, and population pressure.

20. Discontent among the Educated Elite Educated Russians also were dissatisfied. Educated Russians also were dissatisfied. Business people and professionals sought more personal freedom and fuller political rights Business people and professionals sought more personal freedom and fuller political rights The intelligentsia wanted radical political change and deep social reform while preserving a distinct Russian culture. The intelligentsia wanted radical political change and deep social reform while preserving a distinct Russian culture. Some of the intellectuals became anarchists who hoped to triumph by winning peasant support (When peasants were not interested, some turned to terrorism). Some of the intellectuals became anarchists who hoped to triumph by winning peasant support (When peasants were not interested, some turned to terrorism).

21. Government Reaction to Unrest Pulled back from reform Pulled back from reform –introduced censorship –exiled dissidents to Siberia (the Gulag). Czar Alexander II’s assassination in 1881 (by the People’s Will) hurt reform efforts: his successors opposed reform and continued political, religious, and ethnic repression. Czar Alexander II’s assassination in 1881 (by the People’s Will) hurt reform efforts: his successors opposed reform and continued political, religious, and ethnic repression.

22. New protest movements appeared in the 1890s Marxist socialism spread among the intelligentsia. Marxist socialism spread among the intelligentsia. Lenin attempted to make Marxism fit Russian conditions and organized disciplined cells to work for the expected revolution. Lenin attempted to make Marxism fit Russian conditions and organized disciplined cells to work for the expected revolution. At the same time, working-class unrest in the cities showed through union formation and strikes—both illegal—to compensate for lack of political outlets. At the same time, working-class unrest in the cities showed through union formation and strikes—both illegal—to compensate for lack of political outlets.

23. Russian Expansion in the 19 th and Early 20 th Centuries Gains were made against the Ottomans in the 1870s. Gains were made against the Ottomans in the 1870s. New Slavic nations, Serbia and Bulgaria, were created, and conservatives talked of Russian leadership of a pan-Slavic movement. New Slavic nations, Serbia and Bulgaria, were created, and conservatives talked of Russian leadership of a pan-Slavic movement. Russia extended its influence in Persia and Afghanistan. Russia extended its influence in Persia and Afghanistan. In China, the Russians moved into Manchuria and gained long-term leases to territory. In China, the Russians moved into Manchuria and gained long-term leases to territory. Russia encountered the similarly expanding Japanese and was defeated in the Russo- Japanese War of 1904-1905. Russia encountered the similarly expanding Japanese and was defeated in the Russo- Japanese War of 1904-1905.

25. The Revolution of 1905 Causes The loss in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905 unleashed protests. The loss in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905 unleashed protests. Urban workers and peasants joined liberal groups in strikes, demonstrations, riots, and scattered uprisings. Urban workers and peasants joined liberal groups in strikes, demonstrations, riots, and scattered uprisings. Bloody Sunday: group of workers led by an Orthodox priest attempted to deliver a petition to the Czar (Nicholas II) in his Winter Palace in St. Petersburg and were fired upon. Bloody Sunday: group of workers led by an Orthodox priest attempted to deliver a petition to the Czar (Nicholas II) in his Winter Palace in St. Petersburg and were fired upon.

27. The Revolution of 1905 Effects The government bowed and created a national parliament, the Duma with universal male suffrage. The government bowed and created a national parliament, the Duma with universal male suffrage. Minister Stolypin introduced important peasant reforms: Minister Stolypin introduced important peasant reforms: –greater freedom from redemption payments –liberal purchase and sale of land. –He aimed to create a market oriented peasantry divided from the rest of the peasant mass. Some entrepreneurs among the peasants—kulaks—did increase production. Some entrepreneurs among the peasants—kulaks—did increase production. The reform package quickly fell apart as the Czar withdrew rights, took authority away from the Duma, and resumed police repression. The reform package quickly fell apart as the Czar withdrew rights, took authority away from the Duma, and resumed police repression.

28. 19 th Century Eastern Europe Political Shifts After the loss to Japan, Russian imperialism returned to the Ottoman Empire and eastern Europe. After the loss to Japan, Russian imperialism returned to the Ottoman Empire and eastern Europe. Hungary, Romania, Serbia, Bulgaria, Greece, some nations recently gaining independence from the Ottomans, established parliaments elected by carefully restricted voters. Hungary, Romania, Serbia, Bulgaria, Greece, some nations recently gaining independence from the Ottomans, established parliaments elected by carefully restricted voters. Kings ruled without much check. Kings ruled without much check.

29. Economic shifts. Industrialization was minimal; these nations remained agricultural exporters dependent on Western markets. Industrialization was minimal; these nations remained agricultural exporters dependent on Western markets. Most nations abolished serfdom, but landlord power remained extensive and peasant unrest continued. Most nations abolished serfdom, but landlord power remained extensive and peasant unrest continued.

30. Cultural and Scientific Flowering Eastern Europeans enjoyed, during the late 19th century, a period of cultural productivity that helped to enhance their sense of national heritage. Eastern Europeans enjoyed, during the late 19th century, a period of cultural productivity that helped to enhance their sense of national heritage. Russian novelists, such as Turgenev, Dostoevsky (Crime and Punishment 1866), and Tolstoy (War and Peace 1869), gained world fame. Russian novelists, such as Turgenev, Dostoevsky (Crime and Punishment 1866), and Tolstoy (War and Peace 1869), gained world fame. In music, composers moved from the brilliant romanticism of Tchaikovsky to innovative atonal styles. In music, composers moved from the brilliant romanticism of Tchaikovsky to innovative atonal styles. Eastern European composers, such as Chopin and Liszt, produced important works. Eastern European composers, such as Chopin and Liszt, produced important works. In science, the Czech Priest Gregor Mendel advanced the study of genetics and the Russian Pavlov contributed in physiology. In science, the Czech Priest Gregor Mendel advanced the study of genetics and the Russian Pavlov contributed in physiology.