1. Agriculture
AP Human Geography

2. Definition
Agriculture – raising of animals or the growing of crops to obtain food for primary consumption by the farm family or for sale off the farm

3. Historical Perspective
First Agricultural Revolution – allowed humans to become more sedentary and avail themselves of a more reliable source of food
Animal Domestication – process of taming wild animals for human benefit
Second Agricultural Revolution – occurred during Industrial Revolution – used technology as a means to increase production and distribution of products
Third Agricultural Revolution – latter half of 20th cent, corresponded with exponential population growth occurring around the world
Sometimes called GREEN REVOLUTION – involves use of biotechnology (genetic engineering) – altering genetic material of plants and animals
Double cropping – growing two crops per year to double the harvest
Triple cropping – allows even more people to be fed
Continentality – area’s temp is affected by its location relative to nearest large body of water

4. Agricultural Hearths
Carl Sauer – mapped out agricultural origins of veg planting and see ag
Hearths – Vegetative Planting & Animal Domestication
Veg Planting means removing part of a plant and putting it in the ground to grow a new plant
Central America/NW South America
Western Africa
SE Asia
Hearths – Seed Agriculture
Seed Ag means taking seeds from an existing plan and planting them to produce new plants
S. Mexico
NE Africa
N. China
NE India
Importance of Trade Routes – helped diffuse many products we use today, colonialism brought to western hemi

5. Agricultural Regions and Patterns of Change
Subsistence Farming – produce food they need to survive on a daily basis
Shifting Cultivation – moving farm fields after several years in search of more productive soil after depleting nutrients in original field
Slash and burn ag – leaves barren soil behind and moves on to the next area and clears it by burning – puts nitrogen in soil
Crop Rotation – planting of different types of crops each year to replenish the soil with nutrients used up by previous crop
Pastoral Nomadism – moving animals on a seasonal basis to areas that heave the necessary resources to meet the needs of the herd
Extensive Subsistence Agriculture – includes pastoral nomadism and shifting cultivation – criticized for causing soil erosion, water degradation, and other environmental problems but is more productive
Intensive Subsistence Agriculture – more intense style of subsistence farming – more work is needed to obtain the same level of production
Rice Sawahs – flooded fields where rice grows
Intertillage – clearing of rows in the field thru the use of hoes, rakes, and other manual equipment

6. Agricultural Regions and Patterns of Change
Commercial Farming – farming of products for sale off the farm
Mediterranean Ag – dry summer, cool moist winter – grapes, dates, olives
Dairy Farming – highly mechanized, milking cows
Mixed Livestock and Crop Production – cows grown for meat and other products are fed with crops (corn and soybeans) grown on the same farm
Livestock Ranching – more developed countries – done on land on the fringes of productive land – feeding of livestock is done by allowing animals to roam fields w/o assistance of farmer – huge areas of land
Specialized Fruit Production - orchards
Plantation Ag – less developed countries, production of one crop sold to more developed countries
Interaction between Core Countries (dependent on Periphery) and Periphery Countries (raw materials)
Truck Farms – farm where farmers produce fruits for market
Suitcase Farms – no one resides permanently – migrant workers
Agribusiness – mass production of ag products
Agricultural industrialization – increased mechanization of the farming process to increase productivity and profits
Grain Farming – mass planting and harvesting of grain crops – wheat, barley, millet
Staple Grains - wheat, barley, millet that a large % of world pop depends on for survival

7. Von Thunen’s Model of Agricultural Land Use
Johann Heinrich von Thunen – model – crops are grown in direct relation to their distance from market
1. Market-Gardening Activities – various heavy, bulky products (melons, veggies) – need to be close to market because they will spoil and it costs too much to transport
2. Dairy Farming – produced close to market, cost of transportation for cooling
3. Livestock Farming –
fattening adds weight to animals to increase sale price,
feedlots specialize in cattle or hogs
4. Commercial Grain Farming – selling of wheat, corn, millet, other grains
Combines – separate seed from shaft of plant
Food chain – grain sent to market in trailers, sold to producer who makes product (bread), product sold to wholesaler, sells to grocery store, individuals can buy it
5. Livestock Ranching – uses most land per farm of any other zones
6. Nonagricultural Land Use – isn’t really a zone because distance to market is so far that farmer cannot productively or profitably sell ag products
Discussion/Modifications

8. Economic Systems and Activities
Primary – subsistence farming using hunting and gathering techniques or pastoral nomadism
Secondary – industrial sectors, factories take raw materials and produce product
Tertiary – service sectors – people are involved selling commodities
Quaternary – one cannot hold or physically touch – internet, cell phone service, etc
Quinary – management decisions of a society, people make decisions concerning trade of commodities
Elevator -
Farm Crisis – farmers are too productive, causing supply to exceed demand for products, lower prices and less revenue for farmers

9. Trends in US Ag
Early American Ag Practices – hunting/gathering (Native Am)
Effect of Early Settlements and Westward Migration on Ag – colonization, Europeans brought cattle and used seed ag
Metes and Bounds – used in Great Britain, measuring uses of land’s physical features to describe ownership claims
Township and Range – westward expansion
Sections – Midwest square mile tracts
Long Lots – French settlers in Louisiana
American Ag in 20th Cent – manifest destiny – God’s will to move westward across US
Environmental Modification – intro manmade chemicals and practices to an area
Desertification – overgrazing led to encroaching deserts w/in arid regions
Future
Aquaculture – farming of fish for sale off farm
Creative Destruction – removal of what nature originally produced in a particular location to grow what is desired

10. World Crop Regions
US – corn (livestock and humans consumption and ethanol fuel)
South America – sugar cane fuel
Eastern Europe – wheat
Africa – sorghum or millet (high calorie energy source)
Asia – rice
Planned Economy – government controlled economy (China) dictates to farmers the quantity and type of agricultural products they can produce