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Agriculture Chapter 10 Notes
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Key Issue 1: Where did agriculture originate?
When – 8,000-5,000 B.C. Before recorded history Agriculture – deliberate modification of the Earth to domesticate and cultivate plants and animals Rice cultivation in Vietnam
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Hunters and Gatherers Hunting animals, fishing
Gathering fruits, nuts, berries, and roots Lived in small groups, nomadic
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Modern Day Isolated, .005% of population
African Bushmen – Southern Africa Aborigines in Australia
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Invention of Agriculture
Likely by accident Aided by experiment – adding water, manure, composted material Watermelon example from Unique Landscaping
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Types of Cultivation Vegetative planting– direct cloning from existing plants Ex: cutting stems or dividing roots Seed agriculture – annual planting of seeds, most practiced today Sod planting, vegetative
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Location of Agricultural Hearths
Multiple, independent points of origin, then diffused across the Earth First Vegetative Planting Hearths– Possibly SE Asia, West Africa, and NW South America
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Vegetative Planting Hearths
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First Hearths of Seed Agriculture
3 in Eastern Hemisphere: western India, northern China, Ethiopia 2 in Western Hemisphere: Central America, northern Peru
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Seed Hearths
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Diffused quickly from western India to SW Asia where important advancements were made
Domestication of wheat and barley and integration of domesticated animals Barley
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An account of barley rations issued monthly to adults (30 or 40 pints) and children (20 pints) written in Cuneiform on clay tablet, written in year 4 of King Urukagina (circa 2350 BCE). From Ngirsu, Iraq. British Museum, London. BM
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Classifying Agricultural Regions
LDCs – Subsistence agriculture Production is primarily consumed by farmer’s family MDCs – Commercial agriculture Production’s primary use is for sale off the farm
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Purpose of Farming LDCs – For personal consumption, though some may be sold in surplus years Commercial farming – production usually sold off of farm to food-processing companies rather than consumers
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Some farmers choose to sell directly to consumer at organized locations such as a farmer’s market
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Percent of Farmers in Labor Force
MDCs – Less than 5% LDCs – 55%
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Use of Machinery MDCs utilize greater technology and machinery on the farm Better transportation options to market Ex: heavier cows Cattle drives everyday at the Fort Worth Stockyards
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Scientists are helping to develop technology that can not only track cattle with a Global Positioning System (GPS) but may allow their movements to be controlled across a landscape--and even be remotely rounded up into a corral.
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Farm Size Large in commercial farming Avg. of 435 acres (175 hectares)
Most are still family owned and operated – 98%
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Relationship of Farming to other Businesses
Commercial farming is tied to other businesses Agribusiness – there are many other business involved in the food-production industry John Deere factory Waterloo, IA
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Mapping Agricultural Regions
Related to climate and culture Some crops need certain conditions Hog production virtually nonexistent in Muslim regions
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Key Issue 2: Where are agricultural regions in LDCs?
Shifting cultivation Pastoral nomadism Intensive subsistence x2 Plantation (discussed in Key Issue 3)
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Shifting Cultivation High temp/rainfall, low latitude
Slash-and-burn – used to clear land for farming, fertilize ground with ashes – called swidden
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Fields are tended by hand
Low integration of technology
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Shifting cultivation by the Trio tribe in the rainforest of Southern Suriname
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Pastoral Nomadism Based on the herding of domesticated animals
Located in dry climates where crops struggle N. Africa, Middle East, Central Asia 15 million sparsely occupy 20% of Earth’s land area
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Masai - Kenya
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Bedouins – Saudi Arabia / N. Africa
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Choice of Animals Camel most common in N. Africa/Middle East
Sheep, goats next Central Asia – Horse Bedouins near the Nile
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Intensive Subsistence –Wet Rice Dominant
Intensive = lots of work, aims for efficient use of land because of large populations Wet Rice – plant on dry land, move to flooded field
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Process Prep field with plow and animal power
Flood the field – sawah not paddy Works best in river valleys and deltas Paddy is wet rice. Sawah is the flooded rice field.
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Intensive Subsistence –Wet Rice Not Dominant
Areas where climate prevents rice production, summer precipitation too low or winters too cold Interior India and Northeast China Wheat, barley, etc is more important
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Key Issue 3: Where are agricultural regions in MDCs?
6 main regions based primarily on climate
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Plantation Farming Form of commercial agriculture generally located in LDCs Tropics and subtropics Owned by Europeans and North Americans for sale in MDCs
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Large farm that specializes in one or two crops
Cotton, sugarcane, coffee, rubber, tobacco, tea, cocoa, bananas etc. Pre-Civil War in the US
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Key Issue 4: Why do farmers face economic difficulties?
Issues for commercial farms Issues for subsistence farms Strategies to increase food supply
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Commercial Farmers Access to markets Overproduction
Purpose is to sell and make profit Must consider distance from farm to market, longevity of product, and profitability Overproduction Often produce too much food, lowers prices, and incomes
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Factors influencing location of agriculture
• Climate and natural environment • Culture • Economic factors Urban market High transportation cost items (vegetables, eggs, dairy, flowers) Intensive land use – high land rent Medium transportation cost items (corn, soybeans, mixed farming) More extensive land use – medium rent DISCUSSION: * Von Thünen developed his model in Is it still relevant today? * Are transportation costs still an important factor in where certain products are raised today? Lowest transportation cost items (forestry, wheat, livestock ranching) Most extensive land use – lowest land rent Simplified von Thünen model of agricultural land use (1826)
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Von Thunen Model Must consider cost of land vs. cost of transporting products to market Ex: wheat No transport costs: Gross profit from sale of wheat grown on 1 hectare of land: Wheat can be grown for $0.25 per kilogram. Yield per hectare of wheat is 1,000 kilogram Gross profit is $250 per hectare ($0.25 per kilogram x 1,000 kilograms per hectare)
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With transport costs: Net profit from sale of wheat grown on 1 hectare of land: a. Cost of transporting 1,000 kilograms of wheat to the market is $62.50 per kilometer. b. Net profit from the sale of 1,000 kilograms of wheat grown on a farm located 1 kilometer from the market is $ ($250 gross profit-$62.50 per kilometer transport costs.) c. Net profit from the sale of 1,000 kilograms of wheat grown on a farm located 4 kilometer from the market is $0 ($250 gross profit-$62.50 per kilometer x 4 kilometers) So…you better be within 4 miles from market
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Von Thunen’s Model Is his model still relevant?
Are transportation costs still an important factor in where certain products are raised today?
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Issues for Subsistence Farmers
Population growth Growing population in LDCs requires more food for their people, but need to sell food to other countries 1) Must use more modern farming methods (requiring more labor since don’t have machines) 2) Land is left fallow for shorter periods
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International trade Must sell some of their crops to buy higher-yield seeds, fertilizer, pesticides, and machinery Irony: Feeding the MDCs to feed their own people. Drug crops (export crop chosen by some LDCs, especially in Latin America and Asia)
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Drug Trade Figure 10-27
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Strategies to Increase Food Supply
Expanding agricultural land (in LDCs) Desertification (human actions causing semiarid land degradation); overgrazing, water-logging of land Increasing productivity The green revolution (invention & rapid diffusion of more productive agricultural techniques during the 1970s and 1980s)- higher-yield seeds & fertilizer
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Identifying new food sources
Cultivating oceans, developing higher-protein cereals, and improving palatability of foods (soybeans & krill) Increasing trade (between MDC & LDC) Grow more in MDCs and export
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Agricultural Land and Population
Figure 10-28
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Grain Imports and Exports
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