1. Syntax: The Sentence Patterns of Language
Richard Ortega

2. Grammatical vs. Ungrammatical
Well-formed or grammatical sentence: a sequence of words that conform to the rules of syntax.
Ill-formed or ungrammatical sentence: a sequence of words that violate the rules of syntax

3. Grammatical or Ungrammatical:
1. The boy found the ball
2. The boy found quickly
3. The boy found in the house
4. The boy found the ball in the house
5. Disa slept the baby
6. Disa slept soundly
Find: Transitive verb (with object)
Sleep: Intransitive verb (no object)

4. THE EIGHT PARTS OF SPEECH
verb: (abbrev. v.) expresses action, condition, or state of being
noun: (abbrev. n.) names a person, place, thing, or idea
Vocabulary words
pronoun: (abbrev. prn.) substitutes for a noun and functions as one
adjective: (abbrev. adj.) describes, modifies, or limits nouns and pronouns
adverb: (abbrev. adv.) describes, modifies, or limits a verb, adj. or other adv.
preposition: (abbrev. p.) relates a noun or pronoun to another word in a sentence
conjunction: (abbrev. con.) links words, phrases and clauses
function words
interjection: (abbrev. int.) expresses a strong emotion or commands attention

5. Identify the part of speech for each of the following:
like
prep.
tired
adj.
dude, n.
but
conj.
Wow!
interject. I
prn.
really
adv.
dig v.
grammar n.

6. A part of speech is always determined by its function in the sentence
The mother gave her infant food.
baby
Jim and Sara to play video games.
love
A dictionary can be a good friend, when in doubt

7. Syntactic Categories (1)
Lexical categories
Noun (N)
Verb (V)
Adjective (A)
Preposition (P)
Adverb (Adv)
Examples
moisture, policy
melt, remain
good, intelligent
to, near
slowly, now

8. Syntactic Categories (2)
Non-lexical categories
Determiner (Det)
Conjunction (Conj)
Complementizer (Comp)
Examples
the, this
and, or
that (clause)

9. Indicate the category of each word in the following sentences.
a. The glass suddenly broke.
b. A jogger ran towards the end of the lane.
c. The peaches never appear quite ripe.
d. Gillian will play the trumpet and the drums in the orchestra.
Det / N / Adv / V
Det / N / V / P / Det / N / P / Det / N
Det / N / Adv / V / Adv / A
N / Aux / V / Det / N / Conj / Det / N / P / Det / N

10. Phrases NP : Noun Phrase The car, a clever student VP : Verb Phrase
study hard, play the guitar
PP : Prepositional Phrase
in the class, above the earth
AP : Adjective Phrase
very tall, quite certain

11. Phrase Structure Rules
NP  (Det) N (PP)
PP  P NP
The bus in the yard NP
The bus (NP)
Det N
Det N PP
The
bus P NP
Det N
The
bus in
the
yard

12. Phrase Structure Rules
VP  V (NP) (PP)
S  NP (Aux) VP
took the money from the bank VP
took the money (VP) V NP V NP PP
Det N
Det N P NP
took
the
money
Det N
took
the
money
from
the
bank

13. Draw the tree diagram. 1. repaired the telephone
2. the success of the program
3. a film about pollution
4. move towards the window
5. cast a spell on the broomstick

14. The main structure rules
1. S  NP (Aux) VP
2. NP  (Det) (AP) N (PP)
3. VP  V (NP) (PP) (Adv) (CP)
4. PP  P NP
5. AP  Adj (PP) N
6. CP  Comp S

15. Example (1) The old tree swayed in the wind S NP VP Det Adj N V PP P

16. Example (2) The children put the toy in the box S NP VP Det N V NP PP