1. Environmental Performance of Biofuels for Transportation
Michael Martin
Environmental Technology and Management

2. “You can’t solve the problems with the same kind of thinking that created the problems”
-Albert Einstein-
Something must be done
Answers must be made
Cant compare with Petroleum Products
Relevant Options Exist….Biofuels
Relevant Option at Present:
Alleviation from Biofuels…

3. Overview Biofuels for Transport, What they are
Different types of biofuels
Brief History
Raw Materials
Production
Application in Vehicles
Benefits and Drawbacks
Biofuels Debate
Synergies and Symbiosis Options to Improve Performance
Future Systems
My work with Tanzanian Biodiesel

4. What are Biofuels for Transportation?

5. Biofuels for Transport
Vehicle fuels derived from biomass and wastes
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Replacement of traditional/conventional fuels
Total substitution
Partial (blending)
Dual Fuel
Biofuels for Transport come in 3 direct forms, SOLID, Liquid and Gas
They are used as a means to replace and/or alleviate full use of petoleum products

6. 1st vs. 2nd Generation Biofuels
First Generation Biofuels
Common
Produced from allocated feedstocks
Second Generation Biofuels
Created from ligno-cellulose
Not common
More development needed
HUGE POTENTIAL!
To make things a bit more Complicated….
1st Generation biofuels…these are what people are used to
Made from feedstocks
Common in todays infrastructure
2nd Generation
- Lignocellulose
-Huge development potential!!!

7. Biofuels for Transport
3 Main Fuels for Transport
Ethanol
Biodiesel
Biogas
SVO, Pure Vegetable Oil
Now we come to the popular vehicle fuels, afterall we are talking about biofuels for transport
-Ethanol (E85)
-Biodiesel (RME) Raps Methyl Ester
-Biogas (Methane produced from agricultural sources)
Finally…we have SVO, straight vegetable oil…PVO…..

8. History as a Vehicle Fuel Application in Vehicles
Ethanol
History as a Vehicle Fuel
Raw Materials
Production Process
Cellulosic Ethanol
Application in Vehicles
Pros vs. Cons

9. History of Ethanol as a Vehicle Fuel
Henry Ford
Quadri-cycle
Model T
Flex Fuel Vehicle
Carburetor Adjustment for Ethanol or Gasoline
“Build a vehicle affordable to the working family and powered by a fuel that would boost the rural farm economy.” (Henry Ford)
Henry Fords vehicle 1st was run on ethanol
Michigan has lots of corn, and it was produced from corn….
Later, Model designed with a carburetor system to run with ethanol.
“You can have a Model T in any color you would like, as long as it is BLACK” (Henry Ford)

10. Ethanol Raw Materials Sugar Rich Crops Starch Rich and Cereals
Sugar cane
Sugar beets
Starch Rich and Cereals
Sorghum
Sweet Potatoes
Wheat
Corn (Maize)
Cellulosic Crops Abundant…

11. Ethanol Production Process
Grain,
Mill the grain, Mix with water and crush
Cook it
Ferment, Turn sugars into alcohol
Distil, Seperation, Purified….
FINALLY, Ethanol must include denatured to make it nonconsumable by people

12. Ethanol Production-Ligno-Cellulose
Lignin and cellulose in Plants
Convert Cellulose to Ethanol
Lignocellulosic enzymatic fermentation
Can produce a wide range of fuels

13. Ethanol for Vehicles Examples How it Works
Flexfuel Becoming Popular (Ford, Volvo, GM, Audi, etc.)
Miljöbilar (Environmental Cars) of Stockholm
Only $ ( SEK) for initial chip by manufacturers
How it Works
On board diagnostics distinguishing
Controls fuel-air mixture
Can run any blend of E85 and Gasoline (Petrol)
My new Project, Ford Fiesta-Miljöbil (Ethanol Conversion)
FlexiTune System
July 2008, Converted cars considered MIJLÖBILAR

14. Advantages vs. Disadvantages
Use in Vehicles
Octane Booster
Cleaner burning
Many flex fuel cars on market
Flex Fuel Conversions are Cheap
Corrosion Problems (Older Vehicles)
Flex Fuel or Conversions Needed
Most modern engines designed for gasoline
Infrastructure
Liquid fuel, easy integration
Locally Produced
Requires new/upgraded pumps
Environmental
Reduced GHG emissions
Carbon Neutral
Water Soluble
Energy balance concerns
Competition with food crops
Sustainable?
Other
Less Toxic
Free Parking Permits
Reduces Dependence on Foreign Oil

15. Application in Vehicles
Biodiesel
Biodiesel History
Raw Materials
Production Process
Application in Vehicles
Pros vs. Cons

16. Biodiesel History Rudolf Diesel Ran with peanut oil
Optimistic about biofuels for future
1st Diesel Engine, 1893
Alterations because of low petroleum prices
“The use of vegetable oils for engine fuels may seem insignificant today but such oils may become, in the course of time, as important as petroleum and coal-tar products at the present time.” (Rudolf Diesel, 1920)

17. Biodiesel Raw Materials
Sunflower Oil
Rapeseed (Canola)
Waste Cooking Oils
Animal Fats
Soybean Oil
Jatropha
Cashews
Algae
Etc....

18. Biodiesel Production Production Transesterification of oils and fats
Seperate glycerin and methyl esters
Uses Methanol or Ethanol and catalysts

19. Advantages vs. Disadvantages
Use in Vehicles
Cleansing Qualities
Better Lubricity
Used in Any Diesel Engine
Increased service (filters, etc.)
10% lower efficiency
“Gelling” issues
Check Warranty
Infrastructure
Blended easily
No special requirements
Not generally available (RME)
Environmental
Reduced GHG emissions
Easily biodegradable
Sulfur and Aromatics Free
Increased NOX emissions (certain raw materials)
Other
Less Toxic
Reduces Dependence on Foreign Oil
By-products used for biogas and other purposes
A bit more expensive
Taxes in Sweden on Diesels

20. Application in Vehicles
Biogas
Raw Materials
Production Process
Application in Vehicles
Pros vs. Cons

21. Biogas Raw Materials Manure Food Residues Biomass Sewage Landfills
Glycerin
Rubber
Fats
Mats Eklund and his V70 Bi-fuel

22. Biogas Production Anaerobic fermentation of organic matter
Produces methane and CO2

23. Bi-Fuel Vehicle System
2 Tanks (Gasoline <Petrol> and CNG)
Choice Between CNG or Biogas and Gasoline
Automatic Switch and/or Manual Switch

24. Advantages vs. Disadvantages
Use in Vehicles
Bi-fuel Vehicle (Gas or Methane)
Clean burning fuel
Expensive Tanks
Increased Weight
Infrastructure
Can be combined with current methane distribution
Not common infrastructure for vehicles
Special pumping needed
Hard to transport
Environmental
Reduced GHG emissions
Methane emissions captured
No crops or plantations required
Less nitrogen fertilizers required if byproducts used
Other
Free Parking Permits
Made from any organic waste
Costly initial investments

25. Straight Vegetable Oil Application in Vehicles

26. Straight Vegetable Oil
Car runs on vegetable oil!
Must be a diesel
Requires special conversion
How it works...
Vegetable Oil Cleaned
Vegetable Oil Heated
Injected into pistons

28. The Biofuels Debate
Scientists
Media
Politicians

29. Are biofuels Sustainable?
Brazilian Exploitation of Labor
Depletion of Rain forests for sugar cane and palm?
Is it really carbon neutral?
Increased NOx levels (Some biodiesel feedstocks)
Exploitation of Developing Countries by Europe and USA

30. Biofuels diverting crops
Effects
Corn prices rising
Soy bean prices rising
More crops for biofuels
Results
Corn product prices increasing
E.g. Mexican Tortillas
Animal Feed prices rising
Milk prices rising
Cereal prices rising

31. Supporters

32. Contesters

33. Environmental Performance Improvements
Pål Börjesson Example
Synergies and Symbiosis Measures
Biofuel specific crops
Use biofuels for production

34. Synergies and Symbiosis

35. Cashew Biodiesel, Tanzania

36. Synergies in Biofuel Production
Biofuels Production
Biodiesel byproducts for biogas production
Glycerin
Seedcakes
Fruits, Shells
Use of ethanol for transesterification process
Replacement of Methanol
Trapping of CO2 for photosynthesis of biomass for biofuels
Algae for biodiesel
Use of discarded plant components to produce biofuels
Mixture of waste products with feedstocks for production of biofuels
Manure mixed with other by-products for biogas production

37. Symbiosis Options Biofuel Production Systems
Utilization of waste heat from incinerators
Seedcakes and malt used as high protein fodder
Replace soy imports
Sharing Transportation, Heating and Water Supplies

38. Future Possibilities, Algae

39. Biodiesel for Tanzania
Purpose
Feasibility Study
Raw Materials
Actors
Purchasing
Small Scale LOCAL usage
Aims
Introduction of Sustainability
Alleviation of petroleum imports
Local Economy
Bring electricity and development to Tanzania

40. Ageratec AB, Norrköping
Small to Large Scale Production
Batch Processing
Online Support Systems
Water Free Production
Methanol (Ethanol) Recovery
Portable, Affordable Options

41. Other Customers
European Market
Developing Countries

42. Conclusions Tack så mycket! Biofuels are relevant for vehicles today
Biofuels do not come without debate
Synergies will alleviate energy concerns and improve biofuels performance measures
Balance between crops for biofuels and food must be found
Future innovations are crucial for success
Tack så mycket!