2. Prokaryotes & Viruses

3. Taxonomy Domain Eukarya KingdomAnimalia PhylumChordata ClassMammalia OrderCetacea FamilyDelphinidae GenusTursiops Speciestruncatus Bottlenose dolphin

4. Domains Eubacteria (Bacteria) Archaebacteria (Archaea) Eukarya Kingdom Protista Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia

5. Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes Prokaryotes—simplest, most “primitive” bacteria Eukaryotes— “true” cells, more “advanced” Complex organisms, multicelled

6. Prokaryotes No membrane around nucleus No true organelles Single chromosome (nucleoid) May have plasmids Cell wall (most) Reproduce by prokaryotic fission

7. Bacterial Shapes Coccus (cocci)—spherical Bacillus (bacilli)—rod Sprillum (spirilla)—spiral, twist

8. Bacterial Structures Cell wall Peptidoglycan (polysaccharide) Maintain shape ID species Gram-positive—thick wall Stain purple Gram-negative—thin wall Stain pink

9. Bacterial Structures Glycocalyx—capsule or slime layer Attach to structures (teeth, intestine, rocks, etc.) Protection Pili—thin, hair-like proteins Adhere to surfaces Adhere to other baceria Flagellum Movement

10. Metabolism Photoautotroph Energy from sun (photosynthesis) Carbon from CO 2 Chemoautotroph Energy from simple compounds (iron, sulfur, etc.) Carbon from CO 2 Photoheterotroph Energy from sun Carbon from organic compounds Chemoheterotroph (most common kind) Energy from simple compounds Carbon from organic compounds

11. Prokaryotic Fission Similar to mitosis, but simpler DNA duplicates DNA molecules move to opposite sides of cell New cell membrane & wall form across middle Cell divides

12. Conjugation Transfer section of DNA from one cell to another Transfers genes, characteristics Antibiotic resistance

13. Domain Eubacteria Cyanobacteria One of most primitive kind Photoautotrophs Produce oxygen “Fix” nitrogen (convert N 2 gas to nitrogen compounds)

14. Domain Eubacteria Proteobacteria All gram-negative Chemoautotrophs Important to nutrient cycles Rhizobium Roots of legumes (peas, soybeans, etc.)

15. Domain Eubacteria Chlamydia Intracellular parasites One species causes STD Spirochaetes Free-living, parasites, or symbionts Motile “springs” Borrelia burgdorferi—Lyme disease

16. Domain Eubacteria Gram-positives Still being sorted out Chemoheterotrophs (most) Lactobacillus—dairy foods (i.e. yogurt) Bacillus anthracis—anthrax Clostridium tetani—tetanus

17. Domain Archaebacteria “Extremophiles” Primitive, but resemble other bacteria Different cells walls (no peptidoglycan)

18. Domain Archaebacteria Thermophiles Heat lovers Sulfur used to make ATP Temperatures can exceed 110 o C

19. Domain Archaebacteria Methanogens Create methane gas Marshes, Antarctica, deep ocean Symbionts (termites, cattle) Important to carbon cycling Anaerobes

20. Domain Archaebacteria Halophiles Salt lovers Environments 10x salinity of sea water Dead Sea, Great Salt Lake

21. Living things must…. Acquire energy Metabolize Maintain homeostasis Grow Reproduce Respond Adapt

22. Viruses Noncellular Infectious parasite Two main characteristics Protein coat around nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) Cannot reproduce itself

23. Viruses Herpes Smallpox Hepatitis B Rhino virus (common cold) HIV Influenza Rabies

24. Viral Multiplication Attachment Penetration Replication & synthesis Assembly Release

25. Viral Multiplication Lytic Pathway—host cell bursts (lysis) & dies, releasing viruses Very rapid

26. Viral Multiplication Lysogenic Pathway—host cell lives, viral DNA merges w/ host’s & is duplicated w/ host DNA

27. Latent Period virus in lysogenic pathway, reproducing but not showing disease Stress or other stimulus signals virus into lytic pathway Herpes virus Viral Multiplication