1. BY: EMILY WONG ewong5@binghamton.edu With many thanks to: COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT PROGRAM OF 2011 PROFESSOR: LISA YUN GRADUATE ASSISTANT: SANDY WOO DEPARTMENT OF ASIAN AND ASIAN AMERICAN STUDIES BINGHAMTON UNIVERSITY Traditional Instruments of China

2. Note to Teacher: Please obtain a copy of Music in China by Frederick Lau with CD attached for access to recordings of specific instruments and a concise introduction to Chinese music.

3. Note to Teacher: A test run was conducted on about 20 students and their parents from the Chinese school run by the Southern Tier Chinese Culture Association in Vestal, NY. Their ages ranged from 7-9. Guest performer on the zheng was Fuxin Bao.

4. AN BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO CHINA’S VERY LONG HISTORY AND CHINESE MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS History of Traditional Chinese Instruments

5. Chinese History China’s history spans over 4,000 years!

6. Traditional Chinese Instruments Traditional Chinese instruments themselves have a very long history which lasted over 7,000 years!

7. Traditional Chinese Instruments

8. Some of the earliest instruments date back to 6000 B.C. and were made of animal bones!

9. Traditional Chinese Instruments The oldest instruments found were flutes made of animal leg bones.

11. China’s Dynasties c 21st-16th century BC Xia

12. China’s Dynasties 1700-1027 BC Shang

13. China’s Dynasties 1027-771 BC Western Zhou 770-221 BC Eastern Zhou  770-476 BC Spring and Autumn period  475-221 BC Warring States period

14. China’s Dynasties 221-207 BC Qin

15. China’s Dynasties 206 BC-AD 9 Western Han AD 9-24 Xin AD 25-220 Eastern Han

16. China’s Dynasties AD 220-280 Three Kingdoms (San Guo)  220-265 Wei  221-263 Shu  229-280 Wu

17. China’s Dynasties AD 265-316 Western Jin AD 317-420 Eastern Jin

18. China’s Dynasties AD 420-588 Southern and Northern Dynasties 420-588 Southern Dynasties 420-478 Liu Song 479-501 Qi (Ch'i) 502-556 Liang 557-588 Chen 386-588 Northern Dynasties 386-533 Northern Wei 534-549 Eastern Wei 535-557 Western Wei 550-577 Northern Qi (Ch'i) 557-588 Northern Zhou (Chou)

19. China’s Dynasties AD 581-617 Sui

20. China’s Dynasties AD 618-907 Tang

21. China’s Dynasties AD 907-960 Five Dynasties  AD 907-979 Ten Kingdoms

22. China’s Dynasties 916-1125 Liao

23. China’s Dynasties 960-1279 Song  960-1127 Northern Song  1127-1279 Southern Song

24. China’s Dynasties 1038-1227 Western Xia

25. China’s Dynasties 1115-1234 Jin

26. China’s Dynasties 1279-1368 Yuan

27. China’s Dynasties 1368-1644 Ming

28. China’s Dynasties 1644-1911 Qing

29. China’s Dynasties 1912-present Modern China

30. BUT ONLY A FEW DYNASTIES HAD A LARGE EFFECT ON THE MAKING OF TRADITIONAL CHINESE INSTRUMENTS. Traditional Chinese Instruments

31. During the Xia period, instruments were mainly comprised of drums, bone flutes, bronze bells and stone chimes.  Were important in rituals and dancing.

32. The flutes and chimes became more complex during the Shang and Zhou Dynasties with the rise of the Bronze Age.  Development of stringed instruments that used silk strings.

33. Traditional Chinese Instruments The next period of important changes was during the Qin to Han dynasties.  Creation of instruments similar to the Western lute.  Linked to flourish in trade.

34. Traditional Chinese Instruments During the Wei to Tang dynasties, percussion instruments, or drum-family instruments, became popular along with woodwinds and fiddles.

35. Traditional Chinese Instruments The last period of change in Chinese instruments was the rise in popularity of fiddles or bowed instruments and plucked lutes starting from the Song dynasty to the current period.

36. Traditional Chinese Instruments Can find influences from the Silk Road, which was a major trade route between China and other civilizations.

37. Traditional Chinese Instruments A popular phrase used to describe the instruments is “silk and bamboo”.

38. Traditional Chinese Instruments 中国音乐 (Zhōngguó yīnyuè) or 国乐 (guóyuè) for short – “music of the nation”  Describes music that is written for Chinese instruments.

39. Traditional Chinese Instruments Some of the songs have ancient origins and legends behind them.

40. Traditional Chinese Instruments Legends states that during the Three Kingdom’s period, a Chinese general named Zhuge Liang (Zhūgě Liàng) was able to protect his city by playing the guqin. His calm attitude fooled the enemy army into thinking that they would be ambushed inside.

41. Traditional Chinese Instruments Some songs are also about scenes from history or nature.

42. Traditional Chinese Instruments Ambush from Ten Sides, also known in Chinese as 十 面埋伏 (shí miàn mái fú), describes a ferocious fight scene from a battle between the Chu and Han armies in 202 BC. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JtrthXXmKgA

43. THE TERM WAS OFTEN USED TO DESCRIBE WHAT THE INSTRUMENTS WERE MADE OF. The Eight Tones 八音 （ bāyīn)

44. Bamboo

45. Gourd

46. Wood

47. Metal

48. Animal Skin

49. Clay

50. Stone

51. Silk

52. A BRIEF DESCRIPTION AND HOW THEY ARE PLAYED Types of Ancient Chinese Instruments

53. Are made up of three categories:  Strings  Woodwinds  Percussions

54. Strings Stringed instruments are made of wood, bamboo, silk, metal and animal skin. Example: gŭqín 古琴

55. Strings Bowing Example:  èrhú 二胡

56. Strings Plucking Example:  pípá, 琵琶

57. Strings Hammering Example:  yángqín 扬琴

58. Woodwinds Woodwinds were made of:  bamboo  wood  animal bones  metal Example: dízi 笛子

59. Woodwinds Breathing through a mouth piece. Example:  Suŏnà 唢呐

60. Percussion Percussion instruments were made of:  Clay  Metal  Wood  Stone  Gourd Example: Luó 锣

61. Percussion Hands Example:  Jīngbó 京鈸

62. Percussion Mallets Example:  Biānqìng 编磬

63. Sticks Example:  dàgŭ 大鼓

64. WHAT INSTRUMENT AM I? Quiz Time!

65. What instrument am I?

66. Erhu I am a 2-stringed lute that is bowed. I came to China over a thousand years ago from Central Asia!

67. What instrument am I?

68. Pipa I am a four-stringed instrument that is plucked. I am over 2,000 years old!

69. What instrument am I?

70. Guqin I am a seven stringed instrument that is plucked. I am over 5,000 years old.

71. What instrument am I?

72. Suona I am a woodwind instrument with a metal bell at the end. I am over 1,700 years old!

73. What instrument am I?

74. Dizi I am a flute made of bamboo. I am over 6,000 years old.

75. Sources: Lau, Frederick. Music in China: Experiencing Music, Expressing Culture. New York: Oxford UP, 2008. Print. Lee, Yuan-Yuan, and Sin-yan Shen. Chinese Musical Instruments. Chicago: Chinese Music Society of North America, 1999. Print. Lai, T. C., and Robert Mok. Jade Flute: the Story of Chinese Music. New York: Schocken, 1985. Print. Jin, Jie. Chinese Music: Echos in Ancient and Modern times. Beijing: China Intercontinental, 2010. Print.

76. Resources http://www.philmultic.com/home/instruments/ Provides a basic introduction to Chinese instruments along with video and audio files. http://music.ibiblio.org/pub/multimedia/chinese- music/html/traditional.html Provides media files of traditional and contemporary Chinese music Photos and images: Courtesy of Google Images