1. Chapter 7 “Ionic and Metallic Bonding”
Pre-AP Chemistry
Charles Page High School
Stephen L. Cotton

2. Section Ions
OBJECTIVES:
Determine the number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative element.

3. Section Ions
OBJECTIVES:
Explain how the octet rule applies to atoms of metallic and nonmetallic elements.

4. Describe how cations form.
Section Ions
OBJECTIVES:
Describe how cations form.

5. Explain how anions form.
Section Ions
OBJECTIVES:
Explain how anions form.

6. Valence Electrons are…?
The electrons responsible for the chemical properties of atoms, and are those in the outer energy level.
Valence electrons - The s and p electrons in the outer energy level
the highest occupied energy level
Core electrons – are those in the energy levels below.

7. Keeping Track of Electrons
Atoms in the same column...
Have the same outer electron configuration.
Have the same valence electrons.
The number of valence electrons are easily determined. It is the group number for a representative element
Group 2A: Be, Mg, Ca, etc.
have 2 valence electrons

8. Electron Dot diagrams are…
A way of showing & keeping track of valence electrons.
How to write them?
Write the symbol - it represents the nucleus and inner (core) electrons
Put one dot for each valence electron (8 maximum)
They don’t pair up until they have to (Hund’s rule) X
Puzzle
Pieces

9. The Electron Dot diagram for Nitrogen
Nitrogen has 5 valence electrons to show.
First we write the symbol. N
Then add 1 electron at a time to each side.
Now they are forced to pair up.
We have now written the electron dot diagram for Nitrogen.

10. The Octet Rule
In Chapter 6, we learned that noble gases are unreactive in chemical reactions
In 1916, Gilbert Lewis used this fact to explain why atoms form certain kinds of ions and molecules
The Octet Rule: in forming compounds, atoms tend to achieve a noble gas configuration; 8 in the outer level is stable
Each noble gas (except He, which has 2) has 8 electrons in the outer level

11. Formation of Cations
Metals lose electrons to attain a noble gas configuration.
They make positive ions (cations)
If we look at the electron configuration, it makes sense to lose electrons:
Na 1s22s22p63s1 1 valence electron
Na1+ 1s22s22p6 This is a noble gas configuration with 8 electrons in the outer level.

12. Electron Dots For Cations
Metals will have few valence electrons (usually 3 or less); calcium has only 2 valence electrons Ca

13. Electron Dots For Cations
Metals will have few valence electrons
Metals will lose the valence electrons Ca

14. Electron Dots For Cations
Metals will have few valence electrons
Metals will lose the valence electrons
Forming positive ions
Ca2+
This is named the “calcium ion”.
NO DOTS are now shown for the cation.

15. 7.1
Formation of Cations
The electron configuration of the sodium ion is the same as that of a neon atom.

16. The sodium atoms in a sodium-vapor lamp ionize to form sodium cations.
7.1
Formation of Cations
The sodium atoms in a sodium-vapor lamp ionize to form sodium cations.
The sodium atoms in a sodium-vapor lamp ionize to form sodium cations (Na+). Applying Concepts How many electrons are in the highest occupied energy level of Na+?

17. 7.1
Formation of Cations
Walnuts are a good dietary source of magnesium. Magnesium ions (Mg2+) aid in digestive processes.
Walnuts are a good dietary source of magnesium. Magnesium ions (Mg2+) aid in digestive processes.

18. 7.1
Formation of Cations
Cations of Group 1A elements always have a charge of 1+. Cations of group 2A elements always have a charge of 2+.
Cations of Group 1A elements have a charge of 1+. Cations of Group 2A elements have a charge of 2+.

19. 7.1
Formation of Cations
A copper atom can ionize to form a 1+ cation (Cu+). By losing its lone 4s electron, copper attains a pseudo noble-gas electron configuration.

20. Electron Dots For Cations
Let’s do Scandium, #21
The electron configuration is: 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d1
Thus, it can lose 2e- (making it 2+), or lose 3e- (making 3+)
Sc = Sc2+ Sc
= Sc3+
Scandium (II) ion
Scandium (III) ion

21. Electron Dots For Cations
Let’s do Silver, element #47
Predicted configuration is: 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d9
Actual configuration is: 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s14d10
Ag = Ag1+ (can’t lose any more, charges of 3+ or greater are uncommon)

22. Electron Dots For Cations
Silver did the best job it could, but it did not achieve a true Noble Gas configuration
Instead, it is called a “pseudo-noble gas configuration”

23. Electron Configurations: Anions
Nonmetals gain electrons to attain noble gas configuration.
They make negative ions (anions)
S = 1s22s22p63s23p4 = 6 valence electrons
S2- = 1s22s22p63s23p6 = noble gas configuration.
Halide ions are ions from chlorine or other halogens that gain electrons

24. Electron Dots For Anions
Nonmetals will have many valence electrons (usually 5 or more)
They will gain electrons to fill outer shell. 3- P
(This is called the “phosphide ion”, and should show dots)

25. 7.1
Formation of Anions
The figure shows the symbols of anions formed by some elements in Groups 5A, 6A, and 7A.
Atoms of nonmetals and metalloids form anions by gaining enough valence electrons to attain the electron configuration of the nearest noble gas. Interpreting Diagrams In which group of the periodic table do the elements bromine and iodine belong?

26. 7.1
Formation of Anions
Both a chloride ion and the argon atom have an octet of electrons in their highest occupied energy levels.

27. 7.1
Formation of Anions
The negatively charged ions in seawater—the anions—are mostly chloride ions.
The six most abundant ions in seawater are chloride (Cl– ), sulfate (SO42–), sodium (Na+), magnesium (Mg2+), calcium (Ca2+), and potassium (K+).

28. 7.1
Formation of Anions
Oxygen is in Group 6A.

29. Stable Electron Configurations
All atoms react to try and achieve a noble gas configuration.
Noble gases have 2 s and 6 p electrons.
8 valence electrons = already stable!
This is the octet rule (8 in the outer level is particularly stable). Ar

30. 7.1
Formation of Anions

31. Section 7.2 Ionic Bonds and Ionic Compounds
OBJECTIVES:
Explain the electrical charge of an ionic compound.

32. Section 7.2 Ionic Bonds and Ionic Compounds
OBJECTIVES:
Describe three properties of ionic compounds.

33. Ionic Bonding
Anions and cations are held together by opposite charges (+ and -)
Ionic compounds are called salts.
Simplest ratio of elements in an ionic compound is called the formula unit.
The bond is formed through the transfer of electrons (lose and gain)
Electrons are transferred to achieve noble gas configuration.

34. Ionic Compounds
Also called SALTS
Made from: a CATION with an ANION (or literally from a metal combining with a nonmetal)

35. Ionic Bonding Na Cl
The metal (sodium) tends to lose its one electron from the outer level.
The nonmetal (chlorine) needs to gain one more to fill its outer level, and will accept the one electron that sodium is going to lose.

36. Ionic Bonding
Na+
Cl -
Note: Remember that NO DOTS are now shown for the cation!

38. Ionic Bonding
Lets do an example by combining calcium and phosphorus: Ca P
All the electrons must be accounted for, and each atom will have a noble gas configuration (which is stable).

39. Ionic Bonding Ca P

40. Ionic Bonding
Ca2+ P

41. Ionic Bonding
Ca2+ P Ca

42. Ionic Bonding
Ca2+
P 3- Ca

43. Ionic Bonding
Ca2+
P 3- Ca P

44. Ionic Bonding
Ca2+
P 3-
Ca2+ P

45. Ionic Bonding Ca
Ca2+
P 3-
Ca2+ P

46. Ionic Bonding Ca
Ca2+
P 3-
Ca2+ P

47. Ionic Bonding
Ca2+
Ca2+
P 3-
Ca2+
P 3-

48. = Ca3P2 Ionic Bonding Formula Unit
This is a chemical formula, which shows the kinds and numbers of atoms in the smallest representative particle of the substance.
For an ionic compound, the smallest representative particle is called a: Formula Unit

49. Properties of Ionic Compounds
Crystalline solids - a regular repeating arrangement of ions in the solid: Fig. 7.9, page 197
Ions are strongly bonded together.
Structure is rigid.
High melting points
Coordination number- number of ions of opposite charge surrounding it

50. NaCl CsCl TiO2 - Page 198 Coordination Numbers:
Coordination number- number of ions of opposite charge surrounding it
Coordination Numbers:
Both the sodium and chlorine have 6
NaCl
Both the cesium and chlorine have 8
CsCl
Each titanium has 6, and each oxygen has 3
TiO2

51. Formation of Ionic Compounds
7.2
Formation of Ionic Compounds
NaCl is the chemical formula for sodium chloride.
Sodium cations and chloride anions form a repeating three-dimensional array in sodium chloride (NaCl). Inferring How does the arrangement of ions in a sodium chloride crystal help explain why the compound is so stable?

52. Properties of Ionic Compounds
7.2
Properties of Ionic Compounds
The orderly arrangement of component ions produces the beauty of crystalline solids.
The beauty of crystalline solids, such as these, comes from the orderly arrangement of their component ions.

53. Do they Conduct?
Conducting electricity means allowing charges to move.
In a solid, the ions are locked in place.
Ionic solids are insulators.
When melted, the ions can move around.
Melted ionic compounds conduct.
NaCl: must get to about 800 ºC.
Dissolved in water, they also conduct (free to move in aqueous solutions)

54. - Page 198
The ions are free to move when they are molten (or in aqueous solution), and thus they are able to conduct the electric current.

55. Section 7.3 Bonding in Metals
OBJECTIVES:
Model the valence electrons of metal atoms.

56. Section 7.3 Bonding in Metals
OBJECTIVES:
Describe the arrangement of atoms in a metal.

57. Section 7.3 Bonding in Metals
OBJECTIVES:
Explain the importance of alloys.

58. Metallic Bonds are… How metal atoms are held together in the solid.
Metals hold on to their valence electrons very weakly.
Think of them as positive ions (cations) floating in a sea of electrons: Fig. 7.12, p.201

59. Sea of Electrons + Electrons are free to move through the solid.
Metals conduct electricity. +

60. Metals are Malleable
Hammered into shape (bend).
Also ductile - drawn into wires.
Both malleability and ductility explained in terms of the mobility of the valence electrons

61. Due to the mobility of the valence electrons, metals have:
- Page 201
Due to the mobility of the valence electrons, metals have:
Notice that the ionic crystal breaks due to ion repulsion!
1) Ductility
2) Malleability
and

62. Malleable +
Force

63. Malleable + + + + Force + + + + + + + +
Mobile electrons allow atoms to slide by, sort of like ball bearings in oil. + + + +
Force + + + + + + + +

64. Ionic solids are brittle
Force + -

65. Ionic solids are brittle
Strong Repulsion breaks a crystal apart, due to similar ions being next to each other. + -
Force + - + - + -

66. Crystalline Structure of Metals
7.3
Crystalline Structure of Metals
Metal atoms are arranged in very compact and orderly patterns.
Metal atoms crystallize in characteristic patterns. a) Chromium atoms have a body-centered cubic arrangement. b) Gold atoms have a face-centered cubic arrangement. c) Zinc atoms have a hexagonal close-packed arrangement. Inferring Which of these arrangements is the most closely packed?

67. Crystalline structure of metal
If made of one kind of atom, metals are among the simplest crystals; very compact & orderly
Note Fig. 7.14, p.202 for types:
1. Body-centered cubic:
every atom (except those on the surface) has 8 neighbors
Na, K, Fe, Cr, W

68. Crystalline structure of metal
2. Face-centered cubic:
every atom has 12 neighbors
Cu, Ag, Au, Al, Pb
3. Hexagonal close-packed
every atom also has 12 neighbors
different pattern due to hexagonal
Mg, Zn, Cd

69. Alloys We use lots of metals every day, but few are pure metals
Alloys are mixtures of 2 or more elements, at least 1 is a metal
made by melting a mixture of the ingredients, then cooling
Brass: an alloy of Cu and Zn
Bronze: Cu and Sn

70. Why use alloys? Properties are often superior to the pure element
Sterling silver (92.5% Ag, 7.5% Cu) is harder and more durable than pure Ag, but still soft enough to make jewelry and tablewareSteels are very important alloys
corrosion resistant, ductility, hardness, toughness, cost

71. 7.3
Alloys
Bicycle frames are often made of titanium alloys that contain aluminum and vanadium.
Bicycle frames are often made of titanium alloys that contain aluminum and vanadium.

72. 7.3
Alloys
The most important alloys today are steels. Steels have a wide range of useful properties, such as corrosion resistance, ductility, hardness, and toughness.

73. More about Alloys… Table 7.3, p.203 – lists a few alloys
Types? a) substitutional alloy- the atoms in the components are about the same size
b) interstitial alloy- the atomic sizes quite different; smaller atoms fit into the spaces between larger
“Amalgam”- dental use, contains Hg

74. End of Chapter 7