2. Title: Women and politeness: The hybrid language and culture of Chinese Indonesian women in Surabaya {From the Dissertation research (2001): Women and Politeness: A sociolinguistic study of two Chinese Indonesian mother-daughter pairs in Surabaya.} Author: Esther Kuntjara Year of publication: 2009 Publisher: VDM Verlag, Germany. Pages: 158

3. Statement of the Problem
How does the language behavior of the four Chinese Indonesian women from two generations reveal the concept of politeness?
What language changes and language maintenance can be seen from the two generations of Chinese Indonesian women?
What does the use of politeness show about their being Chinese Indonesian.

4. Subjects of the Study Mother (+ 50 years old)
Chinese education background
Strong orientation in Chinese tradition & culture
Business woman
Has 4 children (2 boys & 2 girls)
Daughter (+ 20 years old)
S1 degree in English
Catholic
Assisting her mother’s and her husband’s business
Has just married
Mother (+ 60 years old)
- Dutch education background
More oriented towards western / Dutch culture
Home Business woman
Has 3 daughters
Daughter (+30 years old)
S1 degree in Law
Catholic
Manage her own business as public notary
Has 2 sons

5. Methods
Qualitative Ethnographic Study Participant Observation Unstructured Interview Oral History Constant Comparative Method Working Hypotheses Triangulation

6. Conceptual Framework Brown and Levinson (’78 & ’87)
“Model Person” Pos & Neg face
Asian languages of politeness:
Matsumoto (1988)
Ide (1989)
Gu (1990)
Mao (1993) etc.
Indonesian Politeness?
Appropriateness?
Other languages:
Holmes (1995)
Tannen (1990)
BlumKulka (1987)
Etc.

7. The Speech Acts of Politeness
Terms of address
Compliments and their responses
Show of appreciation and gratitudes
Requests and their responses
Apologies

8. The language behavior that revealed the concept of politeness
Chinese educated background females showed a tendency of maintaining the Chinese customs that show humility and indirectness. The Dutch educated background females showed more flexibility and pragmatism.
Compliments and apologies were hardly used by Chinese Indonesian females.

9. The Language Change
Younger generation Chinese Indonesian females adapted more to the Indonesian and western customs of politeness language.
Younger generation Chinese Indonesian female from the Dutch educated mother was more pragmatic and egalitarian than the younger generation female of the Chinese educated mother.

10. Language Maintenance
Younger Chinese educated background female maintained the use of Chinese terms to show their pride of being Chinese.
Younger Dutch educated background female maintained the use of silent language in order to avoid conflict and to sustain relationships.

11. Being Chinese Indonesians
Older Chinese Indonesian females used Chinese terms to reflect the fact that being Chinese was undeniable.
Younger Chinese Indonesian females used direct as well as indirect speech acts and Indonesian terms showing either she was ambivalent about her Chineseness or a strong detachment of being Chinese.

12. Thank you … Gender, Bahasa dan Kekuasaan Penulis: Esther Kuntjara
Penerbit: BPK Gunung Mulia
Th terbit: 2003, 2004.
Thank you …