1. Skeletal System
Fidya, drg, M.Si

2. Part of Skeletal System
Skeleton
Cartilages
Ligaments
Joint
Consist of :
Birth skeletal 270
Adult skeletal 207/206
Why different?

3. Function of Skeletal Support Storage of minerals Blood cell production
Protection
Body movement

4. FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETON
Supports the body.
The bones of the lower limbs support the entire body when we are standing, and the pelvic girdle supports the the abdominal cavity
Protects soft body part
The bones of the skull protect the brain; The rib cage protects the heart and lungs.
Produces blood cells
All bones in the fetus have red bone marrow that produces blood cells. In the adult, only certain bones produce blood cells.

5. Stores minerals and fat
All bones have a matrix that contains calcium phosphate, a source of calcium ions and phosphate ions in the blood. Fat is stored in yellow bone marrow
Along with the muscles, permits flexible body movement
While articulations ( joints ) occur between all the bones, we associate body movement in particular with the bones of the limbs

6. Skeletal System Divide into 2 division: Axial skeleton
Appendicular skeleton

7. Skeletal System Axial Skeleton Appendicular skeleton Skull Hyoid Bone
Auditory ossicle
Vertebral Column
Rib cage
Pectoral gridle
Upper extremitas
Pelvic gridle
Lower extremitas

9. Skull Consist of: Cranial bone (8) Facial bone (14) frontal (1)
parietal (2)
occipital (1)
temporal (2)
sphenoid (1)
ethmoid (1)
Facial bone (14)
maxilla (2)
palatine (2)
zygomatic (2)
lacrimal (2)
nasal (2)
vomer (1)
inferior nasal concha (2)
mandible (1)

13. Mandible Forms the lower jaw Largest, strongest bone of the face
It has a body and two upwardly projecting sections called rami
Houses lower dentition

14. Hyoid Bones The hyoid bone above the larynx below the mandible
Supports the tongue
Assists in swallowing

15. Os Hyoid
Unique part of the skeleton not attach directly to any other bone.
Located: the neck region, below the mandible. Suspended from the styloid process of the temporal bone by the stylohyoid muscles and ligaments.
Has a body, two lesser cornua extending anteriorly, and two greater cornua, which project posteriorly to the stylohyoid ligaments.
Supports the tongue and provides attachment for some of its muscles.
It may be palpated by placing a thumb and a finger on either side of the upper neck under the lateral portions of the mandible and firmly squeezing medially.

16. In case: Fracture Hyoid
This bone is carefully examined in an autopsy when strangulation is suspected, because it is frequently fractured during strangulation.
However, this is not necessarily the case in children and adolescents, where the hyoid bone is still flexible as ossification is yet to be completed

17. Auditory ossicle Three small paired bones, called auditory ossicles
Located within the middle-ear cavities in the petrous part of the temporal bones.
From outer to inner, the malleus (“hammer”), incus (“anvil”), and stapes (“stirrup”).
Their movements transmit sound impulses through the middle-ear

18. Vertebral Column
Composed of 33 individual vertebrae, some of which are fused.
Consist of 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 4 to 5 fused sacral, and 3 or 5 fused coccygeal
Adult vertebral column composed of a total of 26 movable parts.
Vertebrae are separated by fibrocartilaginous intervertebral discs.
Secured to each other by interlocking processes and binding ligaments.
Between the vertebrae are openings called intervertebral foramina that allow passage of spinal nerves.

20. General structure of vertebrae
Common pattern
Body or centrum
Vertebral arch
lamina
pedicle
Vertebral foramen
Spinous process
Muscles attach
Transverse process

21. General structure of vertebrae
Interlocking pattern
Superior and inferior processes interlock
The inferior from above and the superior from the vertebrae below form a movable joint
The movement contributes to spinal rotation
Superior Articular
Process

22. Regional Characteristic: Cervical
Body is oval, but wide side to side C3 - C7
Spinous process is short and bifid (split) except in C7
Vertebral foramen is triangular
Transverse processes contain foramina for blood vessels leading to brain

23. Cervical Vertebrae C1
Lateral masses articulates with the occipital condyles of the skull

24. Cervical Vertebrae C1
Body of the
Vertebrae is
missing
Inferior articular surface articulates with C2 below

25. Cervical Vertebrae C2
The axis has the odontoid process or dens is its unique feature
The dens is the missing body of the atlas which fuses with the atlas during embryonic development

26. Regional Characteristic: Cervical
Spinous processes project directly posteriorly
Superior facets directed superoposteriorly
Inferior facets directed inferoanteriorly
Flexion/extension, lateral flexion and rotation

27. Regional Characteristic: Thoracic
Body is larger than cervical; heart shaped
Spinous process is long and sharp
Vertebral foramen is circular
Transverse processes project posteriorly and bear facets for ribs

28. Regional Characteristic: Lumbar
Body is massive and kidney shaped
Spinous processes are short and blunt
Vertebral foramen is triangular
Transverse processes are perpendicular to spinous process but has no special features

29. Regional Characteristic: Lumbar
Spinous process projects posteriorly
Superior facets directed medially
Inferior facets directed laterally
Flexion/extension, some lateral flexion, rotation prevented

30. Sacral
Ala are fused remnants of transverse processes that articulate with hip bones to form the sacro iliac joints of the pelvis
Sacral promontory
Center of gravity is 1 cm posterior of this point
Transverse line are sites of vertebral fusion
Sacral foramina transmit blood vessels and nerves
Ala
Sacral
promontory

31. Sacral
On the posterior aspect median sacral crest are fused spinous processes
The vertebral canal continues inside the sacrum as the sacral canal
Sacral hiatus is at the inferior end of the sacral canal
Superior articular surface form a joint with the spinal column

32. Coccyx
Coccyx articulates with sacrum

33. Sternum Located on the anterior midline of the thorax
Consists of three fused bones; manubrium, body, and xiphoid process
Manibrium articulates with clavicle & 2 ribs
Body with ribs 2 - 7
Xiphoid attachment site for abdominal muscle

34. Ribs

35. Ribs Ribs are bowed flat bones Long shaft
Tear drop shaped with a costal groove on inner surface
Head of rib has 2 facets to articulate with its vertebrae as well as the one above

36. Ribs Tubercle of rib articulates with transverse process
Ligaments secure rib to transverse process
Note how the transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae are angled posteriorly

37. Rib Cage
The cone-shaped, flexible rib cage, consists of the thoracic vertebrae,
12 paired ribs, costal cartilages, and the sternum.
Encloses and protects the thoracic viscera
Directly involved in the mechanics of breathing.

39. Pectoral Gridle Two scapulae and two clavicles
having only an anterior attachment to the axial skeleton sternoclavicular joint at the sternum.
Lacking a posterior attachment to the axial skeleton, the pectoral girdle has a wide range of movement.
Function:
- To provide attachment areas for the numerous muscles that move the shoulder and elbow joints.

40. Claviculae
Lies almost horizontally on each side of the neck, extending from the sternum to the acromion of the scapula

42. Scapulae

43. Upper Extremitas Brachium : - Humerus Antebrachium: - Radius - Ulna
Manus: - Carpus
- Metacarpus
- Phalanges

45. The humerus
is the longest and largest bone of the upper limb. It extends from the scapula to
the elbow joint and has a body and two ends

47. The radius The bones of forearm
The radius is the lateral bone of the two in the forearm. It has a shaft and two ends.
The proximal end
A head, neck and tuberosity;
head is disc-shaped and its upper surface is a shallow cup—articular fovea for articulation with the capitulum of the humerus. Its articular circumference articulates with radial notch of the ulna.
Shaft of radius: interosseous border
Distal end
Ulnar notch, styloid process, carpal articular surface

49. The bones of hand
Three parts: the carpal bones, the metacarpal bones and phalanges
The carpal bones
There are eight short bones, arranged in two rows of four
Proximal row from lateral to medial include:
Distal row from lateral to medial include:

54. Pelvic Gridle
Formed by two ossa coxae. together with sacrum and coccyx pelvis
United anteriorly at the symphysis pubis
Attached posteriorly to the sacrum of the vertebral column.
Function:
- support the weight of the body from the vertebral column (with assosiated ligament)
- supports and protects the lower viscera, (urinary bladder, reproductive organs, developing fetus)

58. Lower Extermitas
The lower limb which is similar to the upper, is connected to the trunk by a girdle, the pelvix girdle, the free lower limb is divided into three segements, the thigh, the leg and the foot.
Femoralis
Genu
Crus : - Tibia
- Fibula
Pes

59. Femoralis

60. Genu

61. Crus

62. Pes

64. Terima Kasih