1. Skeletal System
Drg. Fidya, M.Si Departemen of Anatomy Histology

2. Part of Skeletal System
Skeleton
Cartilages
Ligaments
Joint
Consist of :
Birth skeletal 270
Adult skeletal 207/206
Why different?

3. Function of Skeletal Support Storage of minerals Blood cell production
Protection
Body movement

4. FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETON
Supports the body.
The bones of the lower limbs support the entire body when we are standing, and the pelvic girdle supports the the abdominal cavity
Protects soft body part
The bones of the skull protect the brain; The rib cage protects the heart and lungs.
Produces blood cells
All bones in the fetus have red bone marrow that produces blood cells. In the adult, only certain bones produce blood cells.

5. Stores minerals and fat
All bones have a matrix that contains calcium phosphate, a source of calcium ions and phosphate ions in the blood. Fat is stored in yellow bone marrow
Along with the muscles, permits flexible body movement
While articulations ( joints ) occur between all the bones, we associate body movement in particular with the bones of the limbs

6. Skeletal System Divide into 2 division: Axial skeleton
Appendicular skeleton

7. Skeletal System Axial Skeleton Appendicular skeleton Skull Hyoid Bone
Auditory ossicle
Vertebral Column
Rib cage
Pectoral gridle
Upper extremitas
Pelvic gridle
Lower extremitas

9. Skull Consist of: Cranial bone (8) Facial bone (14) frontal (1)
parietal (2)
occipital (1)
temporal (2)
sphenoid (1)
ethmoid (1)
Facial bone (14)
maxilla (2)
palatine (2)
zygomatic (2)
lacrimal (2)
nasal (2)
vomer (1)
inferior nasal concha (2)
mandible (1)

13. Hyoid Bones The hyoid bone above the larynx below the mandible
Supports the tongue
Assists in swallowing

14. Auditory ossicle
Three auditory ossicles (“ear bones”) : present in the middle-ear chamber of each ear
Serve to transmit sound impulses.
Three small paired bones (auditory ossicles)
located: within the middle-ear cavities in the petrous part of the temporal bones
Malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), stapes (stirrup) (outer-inner)

15. Vertebral Column
Composed of 33 individual vertebrae, some of which are fused.
Consist of 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 4 to 5 fused sacral, and 3 or 5 fused coccygeal
Adult vertebral column composed of a total of 26 movable parts.
Vertebrae are separated by fibrocartilaginous intervertebral discs.
Secured to each other by interlocking processes and binding ligaments.
Between the vertebrae are openings called intervertebral foramina that allow passage of spinal nerves.

17. Rib Cage
The cone-shaped, flexible rib cage, consists of the thoracic vertebrae,
12 paired ribs, costal cartilages, and the sternum.
Encloses and protects the thoracic viscera
Directly involved in the mechanics of breathing.

19. Pectoral Gridle Two scapulae and two clavicles
having only an anterior attachment to the axial skeleton sternoclavicular joint at the sternum.
Lacking a posterior attachment to the axial skeleton, the pectoral girdle has a wide range of movement.
Function:
- To provide attachment areas for the numerous muscles that move the shoulder and elbow joints.

21. Upper Extremitas Brachium : - Humerus Antebrachium: - Radius - Ulna
Manus: - Carpus
- Metacarpus
- Phalanges

23. Pelvic Gridle
Formed by two ossa coxae. together with sacrum and coccyx pelvis
United anteriorly at the symphysis pubis
Attached posteriorly to the sacrum of the vertebral column.
Function:
- support the weight of the body from the vertebral column (with assosiated ligament)
- supports and protects the lower viscera, (urinary bladder, reproductive organs, developing fetus)

25. Lower Extermitas
Femoralis
Genu
Crus : -Tibia
Fibula
Pes

26. 2.3 JOINT ( ARTICULATION ) There are two systems for classification :
According amount of movement they allow
According to their structure ( the convention followed here )
A joint called :
SYNARTHROSIS ( IMMOVABLE )
AMPHIARTHROSIS ( SLIGHT MOVEMENT )
DIARTHROSIS ( FREELY MOVABLE )

27. SYNARTHROSIS ( IMMOVABLE )
Occur where fibrous connective tissue joints bone to bone  fibrous joint
Sutures, in the cranial vault and face; and are immovable

28. AMPHIARTHROSIS ( SLIGHT MOVEMENT )
Where bones are joined by hyalin cartilage or fibrocartilage  cartilaginous joints
Slightly movable
The pubic symphysis, the joint between the two pubic bones

29. DIARTHROSIS ( FREELY MOVABLE )
Bone ends do not contact each other, but are enclosed in a capsule
Generally freely movable
Two bones are separated by a joint cavity  is lined by a synovial membrane, which produces synovial fluid, a lubricant for the joint
Ligament, which are composed of dense regular connective tissue, bind the two bones and add even more stability

31. MOVEMENT PERMITTED BY SYNOVIAL JOINTS
Skeletal muscles are attached to bones by tendons that cross joint. When a muscle contracts, one bone moves in elation to another bone
Types of movement :
ANGULAR MOVEMENT
CIRCULAR MOVEMENT
SPECIAL MOVEMENT

32. ANGULAR MOVEMENT FLEXION EXTENTION ADDUCTION ABDUCTION
Decreases the joint angle
EXTENTION
Increases the joint angle
ADDUCTION
the movement of body part toward the midline
ABDUCTION
The movement of the body part laterally, away from midline

33. CIRCULAR MOVEMENT CIRCUMDUCTION ROTATION SUPINATION PRONATION
The movement of the body part in a wide, makes arm circle
ROTATION
The movement of a body part around its own axis:
The arm is twisted toward the trunk ( MEDIAL ROTATION
The arm away from the trunk ( LATERAL ROTATION )
SUPINATION
The rotation of the forearm  the palm in upward
PRONATION
Is the opposite, the movement of the forearm  the palm is downward

34. SPECIAL MOVEMENT INVERSION EVERSION ELEVATION and DEPRESSION
Turning the foot so that the sole faces inward
EVERSION
Turning the foot so that the sole faces outward
ELEVATION and
DEPRESSION
Refer to the lifting up and down, respectively, of a body part
Shrug shoulder
Move jaw up and down

35. Terima Kasih