1. Welcome to the Spring 2013 Semester!
Human Anatomy, BIOSC 47
Welcome to the Spring 2013 Semester!
Dr. Sonya Schuh-Huerta, Ph.D.
~Dr. S
Leonardo da Vinci, 1485

2. Who am I?…
Research Scientist at Stanford & Part-time Assoc. Prof. at Mission College
Earned my Ph.D. in Physiology & Biophysics from the Univ. of Washington (Seattle); before that HSU; before that UCR; before that – a small community college in Southern California…
My research is on human development, reproductive biology and genetics, fertility, & stem cell biology
I love teaching!
I expect a lot from myself & from my students – this class will be challenging, but we’ll also have a lot of fun!
One word of advise – hard work is more important than intelligence, innate ability, or anything else. With hard-work & perseverance you can truly conquer any goal.
On a personal note – I have 3 kids, 1 husband, 2 dogs, & 2 cats..

3. What is Anatomy? Anatomy Physiology
The study of the structure of the body
Physiology
The study of body function
Anatomy & Physiology are closely related & you need to understand a bit about both as you are learning them

4. Introduction to the Human Body Lecture 1, Ch 1

5. Overview of Anatomy Branches of anatomy Anatomical terminology
Gross Anatomy
Microscopic Anatomy (Histology)
Surface Anatomy
Developmental Anatomy
Embryology
Pathological Anatomy (Pathology)
Radiographic Anatomy
Functional Morphology
Anatomical terminology
Based on ancient Greek or Latin
Provides standard nomenclature worldwide

6. The Hierarchy of Structural Organization
Chemical level – atoms form molecules
Cellular level – cells and their functional subunits
Tissue level – a group of cells performing a common function
Organ level – a group of different types of tissues working together

7. The Hierarchy of Structural Organization
Atoms
Molecule
Organelle
Smooth muscle cell 1 2
Cellular level
Cells are made up
of molecules.
Chemical level
Atoms combine to
form molecules.
Smooth muscle tissue
Cardiovascular
system 3
Tissue level
Tissues consist of
similar types of cells
Heart
Blood vessel
(organ)
Blood
vessels
Smooth muscle tissue
Connective tissue
Epithelial
tissue 4
Organ level
Organs are made up of
different types of tissues. 6
Organismal level
The human organism
is made up of many
organ systems. 5
Organ system level
Organ systems consist of
different organs that work
together closely.

8. The Body’s 11 Organ Systems & Their Major Functions
OVERVIEW

9. Integumentary System Forms external body covering
Protects deeper tissues
from injury
Synthesizes vitamin D
Site of cutaneous receptors
-pain, pressure, etc. &
sweat & oil glands
Hair
Nails
Skin

10. Skeletal System Protects & supports body organs
Provides a framework for
muscles
Blood cells formed within
bones
Stores minerals (calcium)
Bones
Joint

11. Muscular System Allows manipulation of environment Locomotion
Facial expression
Maintains posture
Produces heat
Skeletal
muscles

12. Nervous System Fast-acting control system Controls many body functions
Responds to internal &
external changes
Brain
Nerves
Spinal
cord

13. Endocrine System Involved in many processes; glands secrete hormones
that regulate:
Growth
Reproduction
Metabolism
Circadian rhythms
Pineal gland
Pituitary
gland
Thyroid
gland
Thymus
Adrenal
gland
Pancreas
Testis
Ovary

14. Cardiovascular System
Blood vessels transport blood
Carries O2 & CO2
Carries nutrients & wastes
Heart pumps blood through
blood vessels
Heart
Blood
vessels

15. Lymphatic / Immune System
Picks up fluid leaked from blood
vessels
Disposes of debris
Houses white blood cells
Mounts attack against foreign
substances in the body
Red bone
marrow
Thymus
Lymphatic
vessels
Thoracic
duct
Spleen
Lymph nodes

16. Respiratory System Keeps blood supplied w/ O2 Removes CO2
Gas exchange occurs through
walls of air sacs
(alveoli in lungs)
Nasal
cavity
Pharynx
Bronchus
Larynx
Trachea
Lung

17. Digestive System Breaks down food into absorbable units
Indigestible foodstuffs
eliminated as feces
Also secretes hormones
involved in appetite &
metabolism
Oral cavity
Esophagus
Liver
Stomach
Small
intestine
Large
intestine
Rectum
Anus

18. Urinary System Eliminates nitrogenous wastes as urine
Regulates water, electrolyte,
& acid-base balance
Kidney
Ureter
Urinary
bladder
Urethra

19. Reproductive System Overall function = produce offspring
Testes produce sperm & male sex hormones
Ovaries produce eggs & female sex hormones
Mammary glands produce milk
Mammary
glands (in
breasts)
Prostate
gland
Ovary
Penis
Testis
Ductus
deferens
Uterine
tube
Scrotum
Uterus
Vagina

20. Scale: Length, Volume, & Weight
Metric system = provides a precise system of measurement
Weight (mass)  grams (g), kilograms (kg)
Volume  liters (l), milliliters (ml)
Length  meters (m), centimeters (cm), micrometers (mm)…
-Average adult = 1.5 – 2.0 meters long
-Cells & tissues are measured in mm
-Avg cell diameter = 10 mm
-Largest cell  oocyte! (~100+ mm)
oocyte within
follicle

21. Gross Anatomy – An Introduction
Anatomical position – a common visual reference point
Person stands erect with feet together & eyes forward
Palms face anteriorly with thumbs pointed away from body
Directional terminology – refers to the body in anatomical position
Standardized terms of directions are paired terms

22. Orientation & Directional Terms

23. Orientation & Directional Terms

24. Orientation & Directional Terms

25. Gross Anatomy – An Introduction
Directional terms
Regional terms = names of specific body areas
Axial region = the main axis of the body
Appendicular region = the limbs

26. Regional Terms of Gross Anatomy
Axial region
Appendicular
region
Cephalic (head)
Frontal
Upper limb
Orbital
Nasal
Acromial
Oral
Brachial (arm)
Mental
Antecubital
Cervical (neck)
Antebrachial
(forearm)
Thoracic
Axillary
Carpal (wrist)
Sternal
Mammary
Manus (hand)
Abdominal
Pollex
Umbilical
Pelvic
Palmar
Digital
Inguinal
(groin)
Lower limb
Coxal (hip)
Femoral (thigh)
Patellar
Pubic (genital)
Crural (leg)
Fibular or peroneal
Pedal (foot)
Thorax
Tarsal (ankle)
Abdomen
Back (Dorsum)
Metatarsal
Digital
Hallux
(a) Anterior/Ventral

27. Regional Terms of Gross Anatomy
Appendicular
region
Cephalic
Otic
Occipital (back
of head)
Upper limb
Acromial
Cervical
Brachial (arm)
Back (dorsal)
Olecranal
Scapular
Antebrachial
(forearm)
Vertebral
Lumbar
Manus (hand)
Sacral
Metacarpal
Gluteal
Digital
Perineal (between
anus and external
genitalia
Lower limb
Femoral (thigh)
Popliteal
Sural (calf)
Fibular or peroneal
Thorax
Pedal (foot)
Abdomen
Calcaneal
Back (Dorsum)
Plantar
(b) Posterior/Dorsal

28. Body Planes and Sections
Coronal (frontal) plane = Lies vertically & divides body into anterior & posterior parts
Median (midsagittal) plane = Specific sagittal plane that lies vertically in the midline
Transverse plane = Runs horizontally & divides body into superior &
inferior parts
Frontal plane
Median plane
(midsagittal)
Transverse plane

30. An Orientation to the Human Body

31. Characteristics Common to All Vertebrates
Tube-within-a-tube
Bilateral symmetry
Dorsal hollow nerve cord
Notochord & vertebrae
Segmentation
Pharyngeal pouches

32. Basic Human Body Plan & Vertebrate Structures
Notochord
Muscle segments
(myotomes)
Brain
Spinal
cord
Brain
Pharynx
Muscle
segments
(muscles
between
ribs)
Pharyngeal
pouches
Heart
Digestive tube
(a) Generalized vertebrate
Spinal
cord
Lung
bud
Pharyngeal
pouches
Heart
Vertebrae
Spinal
cord
Disc
between
vertebrae
Notochord
Digestive
tube
Muscle
segments
(myotomes)
(c) Adult
human
Digestive tube
Brain
Heart
Inner tube
Segmented outer tube
(b) Human embryo; 5 weeks postconception
Dorsal hollow nerve tube
Notochord

33. Body Cavities & Membranes
Cranial
cavity
(contains
brain
Dorsal body cavity
Cranial cavity
Vertebral cavity
Dorsal body
cavity
Thoracic
cavity
(contains
heart and
lungs)
Vertebral
cavity
(contains
spinal cord)
Diaphragm
Abdominal cavity
(contains digestive
viscera)
Pelvic cavity
(contains urinary
bladder, reproductive
organs, and rectum)
Dorsal body cavity
Ventral body cavity
(a) Lateral view

34. Body Cavities & Membranes
Ventral body cavity
Thoracic cavity – divided into 3 parts
Two lateral parts each containing a lung surrounded by a pleural cavity
Mediastinum – contains the heart surrounded by the pericardial sac
Abdominopelvic cavity – divided into 2 parts
Abdominal cavity – contains the liver, stomach, kidneys, and other organs
Pelvic cavity – contains the bladder, some reproductive organs, & rectum

35. Ventral Cavities Cranial cavity Vertebral cavity Superior mediastinum
Dorsal body cavity
Ventral body cavity
Vertebral
cavity
Superior
mediastinum
Thoracic
cavity
(contains
heart and
lungs)
Pleural
cavity
Pericardial
cavity within
the mediastinum
Ventral body
cavity
(thoracic and
abdominopelvic
cavities)
Diaphragm
Abdominal cavity
(contains digestive
viscera)
Abdomino-
pelvic
cavity
Pelvic cavity
(contains urinary
bladder, reproductive
organs, and rectum)
(b) Anterior view

36. Body Cavities & Membranes
Serous cavities – a slit-like space lined by a serous membrane
Pleura, pericardium, & peritoneum
Parietal serosa – outer wall of the cavity
Visceral serosa – inner wall of the cavity; covers the visceral organs

37. Body Cavities & Membranes
Outer balloon wall
(comparable to parietal serosa)
Air (comparable to serous cavity)
But no air in serous cavities!
Inner balloon wall
(comparable to visceral serosa)
Model of the serous membranes & serous cavities

38. Body Cavities & Membranes
Lung
Ribs
Parietal pleura
Pleural cavity
with serous fluid
Visceral pleura
Diaphragm
Serosae associated with the lungs: pleura

39. Body Cavities & Membranes
Heart
Parietal
pericardium
Pericardial cavity
with serous fluid
Visceral
pericardium
Serosae associated with the heart: pericardium

40. Body Cavities & Membranes
Anterior
Visceral
peritoneum
Peritoneal
cavity (with
serous fluid)
Liver
Stomach
Parietal
peritoneum
Kidney
(retroperitoneal)
Wall of
body trunk
Posterior
Serosae associated with the abdominal viscera: peritoneum
Figure 1.7c

41. Abdominal Regions & Quadrants
Abdominal regions divide abdomen into 9 regions
Abdominal quadrants divide abdomen into 4
quadrants
Right upper & left upper quadrants
Right lower & left lower quadrants

42. Abdominal Regions Epigastric region Umbilical Right lumbar Left
hypochondriac
Hypogastric
(pubic)
Right iliac
(inguinal)
Left iliac
(a) 9 regions delineated by 4 planes
Liver
Diaphragm
Spleen
Gallbladder
Stomach
Ascending colon of
large intestine
Transverse colon
of large intestine
Small intestine
Descending colon
of large intestine
Cecum
Initial part of
sigmoid colon
Appendix
Urinary bladder
(b) Anterior view of the nine regions showing the superficial organs

43. Abdominal Quadrants Right upper quadrant (RUQ) Left upper quadrant
(LUQ)
Right lower
quadrant
(RLQ)
Left lower
quadrant
(LLQ)
(c) The 4 abdominopelvic quadrants

44. Microscopic Anatomy
Microscopy – examining small structures through a microscope
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 
1st discovered & examined cells
(“animalcules”) with homemade
microscopes in mid-1600s
-Light microscopy = illuminates tissue
with a beam of light (lower magnification)
-Transmission electron microscopy =
uses beam of electrons (higher mag);
specimens coated w/ heavy-metal salts,
which deflect electrons to different extents

45. Microscopic Anatomy Scanning electron microscopy Artifacts
Coat specimen with carbon & gold – when electron beam scans specimen, secondary electrons are emitted & detected beautiful 3D images assembled!
These images give amazing surface detail of cells & small structures.
Artifacts
Minor distortions of preserved tissues
Not exactly like living tissues & organs

46. Microscopic Anatomy Cytoplasm Cell nuclei Extracellular material
(a) Light micrograph
(330)
(c) Scanning electron micrograph,
artificially colored (2900)
(b) Transmission electron micrograph,
artificially colored (870)

47. Microscopic Anatomy Preparing human tissue for microscopy
Specimen is fixed (preserved) & sectioned
Specimen is stained to distinguish structures
Acidic stain – negatively charged dye molecules
Basic stain – positively charged dye molecules

48. Clinical Anatomy – An Introduction to Medical Imaging Techniques
X ray – electromagnetic waves of very short length
Best for visualizing bones and abnormal dense structures
Clavicles
(collarbones)
Ribs
Air in
lungs
(black)
Heart
Diaphragm
(a) Radiograph of the chest
(b) Mammogram (cancerous
tumor at arrow)

49. Advanced Imaging Techniques
Computed (axial) tomography (CT or CAT) = takes successive X rays around a person's full circumference
Creates detailed picture of body sections (transverse)
Great for soft tissue & bone; fast & inexpensive!
Right
Left
Liver
Stomach
Colon
View
Inferior
vena cava
Aorta
Spleen
Left
kidney
Thoracic
vertebra

50. Advanced Imaging Techniques
Angiography or digital subtraction angiography (DSA) imaging = provides an unobstructed view of small arteries
Contrast medium is injected
Used to identify blockages of arteries that supply heart or brain
Artery supplying heart
Narrowing
of the artery

51. Advanced Imaging Techniques
Positron emission tomography (PET) = forms images by detecting radioactive isotopes (of sugar or water) injected into the body
-Identifies regions of cellular activity
& most active cells

52. Advanced Imaging Techniques
Sonography (ultrasound imaging) = body is
probed with pulses of high-frequency sound
waves that echo off the body’s tissues
Used to determine the age & health of a developing fetus
(safe, no X-rays used)

53. Advanced Imaging Techniques
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) = produces high-quality images of soft tissues
Distinguishes body tissues based on relative water content (magnet detects hydrogen)
Functional MRI =
measures blood
oxygen, detects
active regions

54. Questions…. What’s Next
Questions…? What’s Next? Lab: Gross Anatomy Terminology Wed Lecture: Cells Wed Lab: Cells & the Microscope