1. Structure of Blood Vessels and Blood
P5/ M2

2. The Heart Muscular pump, about the size of a clenched fist
Made up of a special muscle called Myocardium
This can contract continuously without getting tired
Main purpose is to drive blood through the arteries
This delivers blood to the working muscles and other tissues.

3. Task…
Find a picture of a blank heart (that is suitable to annotate) and upload it to a blank document.
Then do some light background research on the different labels of the heart including…
Structure of the cardiovascular system- heart:
Atria
Ventricles
Bicuspid valve and tricuspid valve
Aortic valve and pulmonary valve
Aorta and vena cava – superior and inferior
Pulmonary vein and pulmonary artery

4. The Heart continued
The Heart sits in a twin layered sac known as the Pericardium
Filled with pericardial fluid
Prevents friction as your heart beats.

5. The Heart continued Epicardium (Outer)
The heart wall has 3 layers
Epicardium (Outer)
Myocardium (middle layer and most of the heart wall)
Endocardium (The inner layer)

6. Ventricles Atria/ Atrium Lower chambers of the heart
Upper chambers of the heart
Receive blood.
Right Atrium – receives deoxygenated blood from the body (Via the Vena Cava)
Left Atrium – receives oxygenated blood from the lungs (Via the pulmonary Vein)
Ventricles
Lower chambers of the heart
They have thicker walls and are stronger
Job is to pump the blood
Right Ventricle pumps blood to the lungs (pulmonary circulation)
Left ventricle pumps blood to the body (systemic circulation)

7. Valves Tricuspid Valve Bicuspid Valve Aortic Valve Pulmonary Valve
Also known as the mitral valve
Aortic Valve
Pulmonary Valve
All valves make sure that the blood flows in one direction, and there is no back flow
Chordae Tendineae
Cord like tendons that connect to the tricuspid and bicuspid valves
Ensure the valves stay the right way round and keep the blood flowing in the same direction.

8. Aorta and Vena Cava The largest vein is the Vena Cava
Carries blood directly into the heart from the body
The largest Artery is the Aorta
Carries oxygenated blood directly out of the heart to the body tissues
Superior vena cava
brings blood from the upper body
Inferior Vena Cava
Brings blood from the lower body.

9. Pulmonary Circulation
Pulmonary Artery
Carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs.
It is the only artery that carries deoxygenated blood
Pulmonary Vein
Carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart
It is the only vein that carries oxygenated blood.

10. The Heart = Double pump Pulmonary circulation Systemic circulation
To describe the flow of blood around the heart and the body, you will need to mention that the heart is made up of two pumps
Pulmonary circulation
Pumps blood to and from the lungs
Systemic circulation
Pumps blood around the body

11. Passage of blood flow
Blood flows into and out of the heart and around the body in one direction.
The heart is split into two distinct pumps by the Septum.
This makes sure that the oxygenated and deoxygenated blood don’t mix.
When describing the passage of blood flow around the heart, it is best to use a diagram and start on the right side of the heart.

12. The right side of the heart
Blood enters the heart (when it is relaxed) via the vena cavae,
It goes into the right atrium
The right atrium contracts and the blood goes through the tricuspid valve and into the right ventricle
The right ventricle contracts and the blood is pushed out of the heart through the semi lunar or pulmonary valve and into the pulmonary artery
The pulmonary artery carries the blood to the lungs
The heart relaxes and the valves close to stop back flow of the blood
In the lungs, the blood becomes oxygenated, and begins it’s journey back to the heart.

13. The Left side of the heart
The heart is relaxed, and this allows blood to enter the left side of the heart from the pulmonary vein
It enters the left atrium
The left atrium contracts and pushes blood through the bicuspid valve and into the left ventricle
The left ventricle has a very strong muscular wall and contracts very strongly. This closes the bicuspid valve to prevent backflow, and pushes the blood through the aortic valve and into the aorta. This is the largest artery and splits taking the blood to different areas of the body
The heart contracts and the aortic valve closes, preventing back flow of the blood.

14. Terminology Heart rate (H.R.) Stroke Volume (S.V.) Cardiac Output
The amount of times the heart beats in a minute.
Usually measured in beats per minute (b.p.m.)
Stroke Volume (S.V.)
The amount of blood leaving the left ventricle in one beat.
Normally measure in mililitres
Cardiac Output
The amount of blood leaving the heart in one minute
Normally measured in litres/minute
Cardiac Output = Stroke Volume x Heart Rate

15. Structure of
Blood Vessels
and
Blood

16. The Blood Vessels Introduction
We have a variety of different vessels within the cardiovascular system to deliver and remove nutrients and waste products.
Blood in the arteries is bright red, as it is carrying oxygen. It drops off the oxygen and picks up carbon dioxide as it moves through the capillaries. By the time it reaches the veins and venules it is a much darker blue/red colour.

17. 5 main blood vessels Carry blood away from the heart
Where gas exchange takes place
Carry blood back to the heart
Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Venules
Veins

18. Arteries & Arterioles
Arteries are large blood vessels, that carry blood away from the heart.
Thick Elastic muscular walls
Artery walls contain elastic cartilage and smooth muscle, This allows the arteries walls to contract and relax to send blood to all parts of the body
This process is known as perstalsis, and is how smooth muscle contracts
Carry Oxygenated blood
Apart from the pulmonary artery, which carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs to get Oxygen

19. Arteries & Arterioles Aorta Main artery leaving the heart
Small round lumen
Operate under high pressure
Arteries don’t contain valves, as the blood is moving quickly under high pressure, so there is no chance of backflow.
Aorta
Main artery leaving the heart
It soon splits into smaller vessels – Arterioles
Arterioles deliver the blood to the capillaries

20. Capillaries Smallest blood vessels Found in all cells of the body
Just one cell thick
Very thin walls
Allows oxygen and other nutrients to diffuse through the cell walls.
Blood flows very slowly through the capillaries so that this can happen
Effectively in the capillaries, the blood unloads the Oxygen and picks up carbon dioxide and lactic acid (the waste products of metabolism)

21. Veins & Venules
The blood feeds from the capillaries back to the venules and then the veins.
Larger oval lumen
Means blood flows at lower speed and pressure.
Thinner and less muscular than arteries
Have some smooth muscle
Contracts to help sent the blood back to the heart

22. Veins & Venules Deoxygenated blood
Carry blood back to the heart
Generally working against gravity
Particularly blood that is going back to the heart from the legs or arms, as it is below the heart.
Valves
To prevent the blood from flowing back once the smooth muscle relaxes.
Prevents pooling, particularly in the legs
Deoxygenated blood
Apart from pulmonary vein which carries oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the heart.

23. Difference between Arteries and Vein

24. Task…
You are going to outline the function and characteristics of each of the 5 types of Blood Vessels that serve the circulatory system…
Including:
Physical characteristics that classify each blood vessel.
What their function is within the CIRCULATORY system?
What do they transport?
Followed by a description/ explanation of the composition of BLOOD

25. Blood
It is the medium in which all the cells are carried to transport nutrients and Oxygen (O2) to the cells of the body.
It carries:
- Oxygen, Glucose, Proteins, Fats, Vitamins, Hormones, Enzymes, Platelets, Carbon Dioxide and Electrolytes.
Plasma: straw coloured liquid that all solids are carried within.
Made up of 4 components:
Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets
Plasma

26. Red Blood Cells
Red blood cells make up 99% of the population of the blood cells in the body
They are RED in colour due to the presence of a protein called HAEMOGLOBIN and absolutely loves Oxygen (massive
attraction!)
Making RED blood cells soul purpose to transport OXYGEN!

27. White Blood Cells
They are colourless and transparent and fewer in number to red blood cells
(1:700)
The role of White blood cells is to fight infection as they are part of the immune system.
They destroy bacteria and other dangerous organisms… thus fighting potential
infection.

28. Platelets They act by stopping blood loss through clotting
They become sticky when in contact with air to form the initial stage of repair to the damaged tissue…
They act by stopping blood loss through clotting
Yet platelets need a substance called x-Factor 8 to enable them to become active and do their job/clot.

29. Describe the Structure and Function of the cardiovascular system
Examine the cardiovascular system and explain how it works and how each part of the system is designed to meet its function
Structure of the cardiovascular system (which you have to find pictures/ label and describe):
Heart:
Atria, Ventricles, Bicuspid valve, Tricuspid valve, Aortic valve, Pulmonary valve, Aorta, Vena cava – (superior and inferior), Pulmonary vein, Pulmonary artery
Blood vessels:
Arteries, Arterioles, Capillaries, Veins, Venuoles
Function of the cardiovascular system:
Delivery of oxygen and nutrients
Removal of waste products
Thermoregulation (vasodilation and vasoconstriction of vessels);
Function of blood (oxygen transport,
clotting, fighting infection)