1. Social Development in Infancy and Childhood Module 4: Prenatal and Childhood Development

2. Stranger Anxiety The fear of strangers an infant displays around 8 months of age

3. Social Development in Infancy and Childhood: Attachment Module 4: Prenatal and Childhood Development

4. Attachment An emotional tie with another person resulting in seeking closeness Children develop strong attachments to their parents and caregivers. Body contact, familiarity, and responsiveness all contribute to attachment.

5. Harry Harlow Did research with infant monkeys on how body contact relates to attachment The monkeys had to chose between a cloth mother or a wire mother that provided food.

6. Harry Harlow The monkeys spent most of their time by the cloth mother.

7. Harry Harlow

8. 8 Origins of Attachment Harlow (1971) showed that infants bond with surrogate mothers because of bodily contact and not because of nourishment. Harlow Primate Laboratory, University of Wisconsin

9. 9 Origins of Attachment Like bodily contact, familiarity is another factor that causes attachment. In some animals (goslings), imprinting is the cause of attachment. Alastair Miller

10. 10 Attachment Differences: Why? Why do these attachment differences exist? FactorExplanation Mother Both rat pups and human infants develop secure attachments if the mother is relaxed and attentive. Father In many cultures where fathers share the responsibility of raising children, similar secure attachments develop.

11. 11 Insecure Attachment Harlow’s studies showed that monkeys experience great anxiety if their terry-cloth mother is removed. Harlow Primate Laboratory, University of Wisconsin

12. Harlow’s Study

13. Familiarity Sense of contentment with that which is already known Infants are familiar with their parents and caregivers.

14. Imprinting and Critical Period A process by which certain animals, early in life, form attachments The imprinted behavior develops within a critical period--an optimal period when the organism’s exposure to certain stimuli produce the imprinted behavior. Konrad Lorenz studied imprinting.

15. Konrad Lorenz Studied imprinted behaviors Goslings are imprinted to follow the first large moving object they see.

16. Konrad Lorenz and Imprinting

17. Social Development in Infancy and Childhood: Parenting Patterns Module 4: Prenatal and Childhood Development

18. Responsiveness Responsive parents are aware of what their children are doing. Unresponsive parents ignore their children--helping only when they want to.

19. Securely or Insecurely Attached Securely attached – children will explore their environment when primary caregiver is present Insecurely attached – children will appear distressed and cry when caregiver leaves. Will cling to them when they return

20. Attachment

21. Effects of Attachment Secure attachment predicts social competence. Deprivation of attachment is linked to negative outcome. A responsive environment helps most infants recover from attachment disruption.

22. The End

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