Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin

Name: Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin
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Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin
Infancy and Childhood 4/15/2017 Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin Prepared by Michael J. Renner, Ph.D. These slides ©2001 Prentice Hall Psychology Publishing. CHAPTER 9: Human Development ©2001 Prentice Hall

Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall
Infancy and Childhood Human Development 4/15/2017 Basic Developmental Questions Prenatal Development The Remarkable Newborn The Infant and Growing Child Adolescence Adulthood and Old Age Prepared by Michael J. Renner, Ph.D. These slides ©2001 Prentice Hall Psychology Publishing. Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall ©2001 Prentice Hall

Basic Developmental Questions
Infancy and Childhood 4/15/2017 Basic Developmental Questions Developmental Psychology The study of how people grow, mature, and change over the life span Two Major Ways to Conduct Research Cross-sectional Studies People of different ages are tested and compared Longitudinal Studies The same people are tested at different times to track changes related to age Section outline Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall ©2001 Prentice Hall

Basic Developmental Questions Developmental Research Strategies
Infancy and Childhood 4/15/2017 Basic Developmental Questions Developmental Research Strategies Figure 10.2 from: Kassin, S. (2001). Psychology, third edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall ©2001 Prentice Hall

Prenatal Development The Growing Fetus
Infancy and Childhood 4/15/2017 Prenatal Development The Growing Fetus Zygote A fertilized egg that undergoes a two-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo Embryo The developing human organism, from two weeks to two months after fertilization Fetus The developing human organism, from nine weeks after fertilization to birth Chapter outline Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall ©2001 Prentice Hall

Prenatal Development The Growing Fetus
Infancy and Childhood 4/15/2017 Prenatal Development The Growing Fetus Fertilization 30 Hours Figure from: Kassin, S. (2001). Psychology, third edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. 6 weeks 4 months Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall ©2001 Prentice Hall

Prenatal Development The Growing Fetus Teratogens
Infancy and Childhood 4/15/2017 Prenatal Development The Growing Fetus Teratogens Toxic substances that can harm the embryo or fetus during prenatal development Malnutrition Viral Infections AIDS, Rubella (German measles), and others X-rays, lead, and other environmental hazards Drugs Alcohol (fetal alcohol syndrome), Cigarettes, Cocaine, Aspirin, Marijuana, and other drugs both licit and illicit Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall ©2001 Prentice Hall

The Remarkable Newborn Ways to Study the Abilities of Newborns
Infancy and Childhood The Remarkable Newborn Ways to Study the Abilities of Newborns 4/15/2017 Habituation The tendency for attention to a stimulus to wane over time (often used to determine whether an infant has “learned” a stimulus Recovery Following habituation to one stimulus, the tendency for a second stimulus to arouse new interest (often used to test whether infants can discriminate between stimuli) Section outline Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall ©2001 Prentice Hall

The Remarkable Newborn Reflexes
Grasping Reflex In infants, an automatic tendency to grasp an object that stimulates the palm Rooting Reflex In response to contact on the cheek, an infant’s tendency to turn toward the stimulus and open its mouth Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall

Infancy and Childhood 4/15/2017 The Remarkable Newborn Sensory Capacities Visual Preferences in Newborns Infants spend more time looking at patterns than solids. Infants spend the most time looking at a drawing of a human face. Is this just preference for complexity or an adaptation? Figure from: Kassin, S. (2001). Psychology, third edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Source: Fantz, R. L. (1961). The origin of form perception. Scientific American, 204, Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall ©2001 Prentice Hall

Infancy and Childhood 4/15/2017 The Remarkable Newborn Sensory Capacities Newborn Orientation to the Face Infants were shown a blank shape, a face, or scrambled facial features. The face and scrambled face have same complexity. Infants looked more intensely at the actual face. Figure from: Kassin, S. (2001). Psychology, third edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Source: Johnson, M. H., Dziurawiec, S., Ellis, H.D., & Morton, J. (1991). Newborns’ preferential tracking of faces and its subsequent decline. Cognition, 40, 1-19. Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall ©2001 Prentice Hall

The Remarkable Newborn Sensory Capacities Newborn Imitation
Infancy and Childhood 4/15/2017 The Remarkable Newborn Sensory Capacities Newborn Imitation Babies sometimes mimic gestures made by others who are within sight. Sticking tongue out of mouth Moving head side to side Figure from: Kassin, S. (2001). Psychology, third edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Source: Meltzoff, A. N., & Moore, M. K. (1989). Imitation in newborn infants: Exploring the range of gestures imitated and the underlying mechanisms. Developmental Psychology, 25, Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall ©2001 Prentice Hall

Infancy and Childhood 4/15/2017 The Remarkable Newborn Sensitivity to Number Can Infants Add and Subtract? Infants saw a sequence of events that illustrated addition or subtraction. Then they saw a correct or incorrect outcome (2-1=2, for example). The infant looked longer at outcomes that were incorrect. Figure 10.9 from: Kassin, S. (2001). Psychology, third edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Source: Wynn, K. (1992). Addition and subtraction by human infants. Nature, 358, Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall ©2001 Prentice Hall

Infancy and Childhood 4/15/2017 The Infant and Growing Child Biological Development The Developing Brain Figure from: Kassin, S. (2001). Psychology, third edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall ©2001 Prentice Hall

The Infant and Growing Child Cognitive Development Piaget’s Theory
Infancy and Childhood 4/15/2017 The Infant and Growing Child Cognitive Development Piaget’s Theory Schemas In Piaget’s theory, mental representations of the world that guide the processes of assimilation and accommodation Assimilation The process of incorporating and, if necessary, changing new information to fit existing schemas Accommodation The process of modifying existing schemas in response to new information Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall ©2001 Prentice Hall

Infancy and Childhood 4/15/2017 The Infant and Growing Child Cognitive Development Changing Schemas of the Earth 5th grade From preschool through about the 5th grade, children gradually assimilate and then accommodate their schemas to form an accurate representation of the earth’s shape. Figure from: Kassin, S. (2001). Psychology, third edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Source: Vosiadou, S., & Brewer, W. F. (1992). Mental models of the earth: A study of conceptual change in childhood. Cognitive Psychology, 24, Preschool Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall ©2001 Prentice Hall

Infancy and Childhood 4/15/2017 The Infant and Growing Child Cognitive Development Piaget’s Stages of Development Stages of Development Each stage is qualitatively different from others Ages for stage transitions are approximate Sensorimotor Preoperational Concrete Operational Formal Operational Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall ©2001 Prentice Hall

The Infant and Growing Child Cognitive Development Separation Anxiety
Infancy and Childhood 4/15/2017 The Infant and Growing Child Cognitive Development Separation Anxiety Separation anxiety is a fear reaction in response to the absence of the primary caregiver. It is seen in all cultures. It corresponds with the development of object permanence and the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development. Figure from: Kassin, S. (2001). Psychology, third edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Source: Kagan, J. (1976). Emergent themes in human development. American Scientist, 64, Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall ©2001 Prentice Hall

Infancy and Childhood 4/15/2017 The Infant and Growing Child Cognitive Development Tasks Used to Test Conservation The ability to conserve marks the transition from the preoperational stage to the concrete operational stage of cognitive development. Figure 10.15a from: Kassin, S. (2001). Psychology, third edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall ©2001 Prentice Hall

Infancy and Childhood 4/15/2017 The Infant and Growing Child Cognitive Development Speed of Information Processing Figure 10.17b & c from: Kassin, S. (2001). Psychology, third edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Source: Kail, R. (1991). Developmental changes in speed of processing during childhood and adolescence. Psychological Bulletin, 109, Response times decrease from years of age Consistent across several different types of tasks This may be due to the biological maturation of the brain Increased myelination of axons which speeds up neural processing Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall ©2001 Prentice Hall

Infancy and Childhood 4/15/2017 The Infant and Growing Child Social Development The Parent-Child Relationship Critical Period A period of time during which an organism must be exposed to a certain stimulus for proper development to occur Attachment A deep emotional bond that an infant develops with its primary caretaker Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall ©2001 Prentice Hall

The Infant and Growing Child Social Development Styles of Attachment
Infancy and Childhood 4/15/2017 The Infant and Growing Child Social Development Styles of Attachment Strange Situation Test A parent-infant “separation and reunion” procedure that is staged in a laboratory to test the security of a child’s attachment Secure Attachment The baby is secure when the parent is present, distressed by separation, and delighted by reunion. Insecure Attachment The baby clings to the parent, cries at separation, and reacts with anger or apathy to reunion. Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall ©2001 Prentice Hall

Infancy and Childhood 4/15/2017 Adolescence Adolescence The period of life from puberty to adulthood, corresponding roughly to the ages of 13 to 20 Puberty The onset of adolescence, as evidence by rapid growth, rising levels of sex hormones, and sexual maturity Menarche A girl’s first menstrual period Prepared by Michael J. Renner, Ph.D. These slides ©2001 Prentice Hall Psychology Publishing. Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall ©2001 Prentice Hall

Adolescence Puberty Adolescent Growth Spurt
Infancy and Childhood 4/15/2017 Adolescence Puberty Adolescent Growth Spurt Figure 11-3 from: Kassin, S. (2001). Psychology, third edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. At about age 13 for girls, 16 for boys, there is a final maturational growth spurt in height. Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall ©2001 Prentice Hall

Adolescence Puberty The Timing of Puberty and Body Images in Girls
Infancy and Childhood 4/15/2017 Adolescence Puberty The Timing of Puberty and Body Images in Girls Girls who mature earlier than their peers are usually less satisfied with their size, weight, and figure. Figure 11-4 from: Kassin, S. (2001). Psychology, third edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Source: Peterson, A. C. (1984). The early adolescence study: An overview. Journal of Early Adolescence, 4, Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall ©2001 Prentice Hall

Adolescence Puberty The Timing of Puberty and Body Images in Boys
Infancy and Childhood 4/15/2017 Adolescence Puberty The Timing of Puberty and Body Images in Boys Boys who mature later than their peers have negative body images, but they are only temporary. Figure 11-5 from: Kassin, S. (2001). Psychology, third edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Source: Peterson, A. C. (1984). The early adolescence study: An overview. Journal of Early Adolescence, 4, Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall ©2001 Prentice Hall

Adolescence Cognitive Development Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Reasoning
Infancy and Childhood 4/15/2017 Adolescence Cognitive Development Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Reasoning Moral Reasoning The way people think and try to solve moral dilemmas. Preconventional Level Morality judged in terms of reward and punishment Conventional Level Morality judged in terms of social order and approval Postconventional Level Morality judged in terms of abstract principles, like equality and justice Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall ©2001 Prentice Hall

Adolescence Cognitive Development Kohlberg’s Levels of Moral Reasoning
Infancy and Childhood 4/15/2017 Adolescence Cognitive Development Kohlberg’s Levels of Moral Reasoning Most 7-10 year olds are reasoning at the preconventional level. Most year olds are reasoning at the conventional level. Few participants show reasoning indicative of the postconventional level. Figure 11-6 from: Kassin, S. (2001). Psychology, third edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Source: Colby, A., Kohlberg, L., Biggs, J., & Lieberman, M. (1983). A longitudinal study of moral judgment. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 48 (1-2, Serial number 200). Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall ©2001 Prentice Hall

Adolescence Cognitive Development Criticisms of Kohlberg’s Theory
Infancy and Childhood 4/15/2017 Adolescence Cognitive Development Criticisms of Kohlberg’s Theory Cultural Bias Some cultural differences are not reflected in this theory. Gender Bias Empirical support for this claim is weak. Connection between moral reasoning and moral behavior is often indirect. Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall ©2001 Prentice Hall

Adolescence Social and Personal Development Adolescent Disengagement
Infancy and Childhood 4/15/2017 Adolescence Social and Personal Development Adolescent Disengagement The proportion of time spent with the family decreases almost 3% per year This decline was not found for time spent alone with parents Identity Crisis An adolescent’s struggle to establish a personal identity, or self-concept Figure 11-8 from: Kassin, S. (2001). Psychology, third edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Source: Larson, R. W., Richards, M. H., Moneta, G., Holmbeck, G., & Duckert, E. (1996). Changes in adolescents’ daily interactions with their families from ages 10 to 18: Disengagement and transformation. Developmental Psychology, 32, Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall ©2001 Prentice Hall

Adolescence Social and Personal Development
Infancy and Childhood 4/15/2017 Adolescence Social and Personal Development Patterns of Adolescent “Transformation”Within the Family Adolescents in the 7th and 8th grades felt worse while with their family. Boys feel better after 8th grade and feel the best in 9th and 10th grades. Girls continue to feel bad until the 10th grade. Figure 11-9 from: Kassin, S. (2001). Psychology, third edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Source: Larson, R. W., Richards, M. H., Moneta, G., Holmbeck, G., & Duckert, E. (1996). Changes in adolescents’ daily interactions with their families from ages 10 to 18: Disengagement and transformation. Developmental Psychology, 32, Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall ©2001 Prentice Hall

Peer Influences Adolescent relationships are intimate. Adolescents begin to discover friendships with other-sex peers. Conformity rises steadily with age, peaks in ninth grade, and then declines. Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall

Sexuality Whether teens act on sexual impulses depends on social factors. Adolescents who engage in sexual behavior with others are not necessarily informed about health risks and contraception . Adolescent sexual behavior may be due to attempts to be more like an adult or as way to rebel. Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall

Adolescence Adolescence and Mental Health
Infancy and Childhood 4/15/2017 Adolescence Adolescence and Mental Health The stereotypic images of adolescents are: Mood swings, identity crises, anxiety, rebelliousness, depression, drug use, and suicide Three perceived sources of difficulty in adolescence are: Conflict with parents, risk-taking behavior, and mood disruption Conflict with parents and risk-taking do occur, but the idea that adolescents are in a state of distress is exaggerated. Source: Arnett, J. J. (1999). Adolescent storm and stress, reconsidered. American Psychologist, 54, Quote is taken from page 324. Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall ©2001 Prentice Hall

Adulthood and Old Age Physical Changes in Adulthood
Infancy and Childhood 4/15/2017 Adulthood and Old Age Physical Changes in Adulthood Life Span The maximum age possible for members of a given species. Life Expectancy The number of years that an average member of a species is expected to live. Menopause The end of menstruation and fertility. Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall ©2001 Prentice Hall

Adulthood and Old Age Aging and Intellectual Functions
Infancy and Childhood 4/15/2017 Adulthood and Old Age Aging and Intellectual Functions Memory and Forgetting Cognitive abilities do not inevitably decline. Some elderly may show declines on free-recall tasks, however declines on tests of recognition memory are less likely. Memory declines may be due to impairments in sensory acuity and a slowing of neuronal processing. Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall ©2001 Prentice Hall

Infancy and Childhood 4/15/2017 Adulthood and Old Age Aging and Intellectual Functions The Alzheimer’s Problem Alzheimer’s Disease A progressive brain disorder that strikes older people, causing memory loss and other symptoms. In the U.S., the projected number of Alzheimer’s patients is 14 million in 2050. The cost is at least $100 billion per year. Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall ©2001 Prentice Hall

Infancy and Childhood 4/15/2017 Adulthood and Old Age Aging and Intellectual Functions Age Trends in Measures of Intelligence Fluid intelligence, which includes inductive reasoning and spatial ability, declines steadily throughout middle and late adulthood. Crystallized intelligence, which includes verbal ability and numeric ability, remains stable into the 70’s. Figure from: Kassin, S. (2001). Psychology, third edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Source: Schaie, K. W., & Willis, S. L. (1993). Age differences in patterns of psychometric intelligence in adulthood: Generalizabililty within and across ability domains. Psychology and Aging, 8, Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall ©2001 Prentice Hall

Infancy and Childhood 4/15/2017 Adulthood and Old Age Aging and Intellectual Functions Timed vs. Untimed Vocabulary Tests Figure from: Kassin, S. (2001). Psychology, third edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Source: Schaie, K. W., & Willis, S. L. (1993). Age differences in patterns of psychometric intelligence in adulthood: Generalizabililty within and across ability domains. Psychology and Aging, 8, Some abilities are less affected by age than are others. Scores declined only in the timed test. Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall ©2001 Prentice Hall

Infancy and Childhood 4/15/2017 Adulthood and Old Age Social and Personal Development Erikson’s Eight Stages of Development - I Trust vs. Mistrust Infancy (0-1 year) Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt Toddler (1-2 years) Initiative vs. Guilt Preschool (3-5 years) Industry vs. Inferiority Elementary School (6-12 years) Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall ©2001 Prentice Hall

Infancy and Childhood 4/15/2017 Adulthood and Old Age Social and Personal Development Erikson’s Eight Stages of Development - II Identity vs. Role confusion Adolescence (13-19 years) Intimacy vs. Isolation Young adulthood (20-40 years) Generativity vs. Stagnation Middle adulthood (40-65 years) Integrity vs. Despair Late adulthood (65 and older) Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall ©2001 Prentice Hall

Infancy and Childhood 4/15/2017 Adulthood and Old Age Social and Personal Development Life Satisfaction In multiple cultures, 75-80% say they are satisfied with life. Ratings of life satisfaction do not vary with age. Figure from: Kassin, S. (2001). Psychology, third edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Source: Inglehart, R. (1990). Culture shift in advanced industrial society. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall ©2001 Prentice Hall

Adulthood and Old Age Social and Personal Development Self-Esteem
Infancy and Childhood 4/15/2017 Adulthood and Old Age Social and Personal Development Self-Esteem Self-esteem is highest in childhood. It drops sharply during adolescence. It increases gradually during adulthood, peaks in the sixties, and declines in old age. Figure from: Kassin, S. (2001). Psychology, third edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Source: Inglehart, R. (1990). Culture shift in advanced industrial society. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall ©2001 Prentice Hall

Adulthood and Old Age Dying and Death
Infancy and Childhood 4/15/2017 Adulthood and Old Age Dying and Death Elisabeth Kübler-Ross proposed five stages in approaching death: Denial (“It must be a mistake.”) Anger (“It isn’t fair!”) Bargaining (“Let me live longer and I’ll be a better person.”) Depression (“ I’ve lost everything important to me.”) Acceptance (“What has to be, has to be.”) Not everyone follows this sequence through the stages and all people do not experience all stages. Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall ©2001 Prentice Hall

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