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simon linke & eren turak in collaboration with richard norris bob bailey bob pressey hugh possingham robin abell the ecology centre university of queensland australia www.uq.edu.au/spatialecology s.linke@uq.edu.au systematic approaches to conservation planning in freshwater systems matt watts josie carwardine jon nevill carissa klein leon metzeling and many others
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the aim of conservation planning across a landscape, given limited budget: where to allocate conservation and restoration effort? maximum efficiency -> healthy environment and minimum impact on stakeholders completeness, adecuacy, representativeness, efficiency: the CARE principles
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traditional methods: naturalness are undisturbed rivers the only ones with high conservation value?
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traditional methods: naturalness macquarie marshes (ramsar listed)
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traditional methods: naturalness narran lakes (ramsar listed)
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traditional methods: naturalness naturalness based methods introduce spatial bias and will not deliver complete coverage of biodiversity
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‘advanced’ traditional methods: scoring
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3 + 5 - 2 =? ‘advanced’ traditional methods: scoring
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why not use richness/scoring systems? unitrich A5 B5 C3 D3 E4 aim: protect all native fish taxa using least effort
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why not use richness/scoring systems? unitrich Axxxxx5 Bxxxxx5 Cxxx3 Dxxx3 Exxxx4 A + B miss 2 taxa only way: D + E complementarity aim: protect all native fish taxa using least effort
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why don’t metrics work? the cricket team analogy: what happens when we use the highest ranked players? team a: 11 batsmen (scores many runs) team b: 11 bowlers (prevents opposition from scoring) both teams will lose
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lessons from cricket the whole is larger than the sum of its parts whatever you do, always state a purpose (set targets) need a team that can score high, while minimising the opposition score
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set conservation targets (species, habitats, ecoregions) optimisation algorithm (complementarity-based) minimum set (the best plan fulfilling all targets) irreplaceability map (how important is the unit for alternative plans) systematic conservation planning see Margules & Pressey, Nature, 2000
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systematic conservation planning best bang for your buck
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why is it systematic conservation planning still not frequently used in aquatic systems? we need too much data spatial configuration is it going really to protect stuff (adequacy)? we can’t lock everything up
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a) we need too much data systematic approaches need exactly as much data as richness/scoring approaches possible surrogates: surrogates based on biological survey data biologically informed physical surrogates ‘tempered’ physical surrogates physical surrogates
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b) spatial problems with rivers P N Sediment effluent
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min: cost+ species penalties+ boundary Hermoso, V., Linke, S., Prenda, J. & Possingham, H. P, Freshwater Biology, in press
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increasing BLM in victoria (target=2 occurrences) Linke, S., Hermoso V. & Possingham, H. P, Ecological Applications, in prep
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decreasing BLM in victoria (target=2 occurrences) Linke, S., Hermoso V. & Possingham, H. P, Ecological Applications, in prep
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other approaches (turak, in press, esselman, in press) risk surfaces avoid subcatchments with a high risk/disturbance
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c) adequacy no ideal solution in any realm (but a lot of work in progress) target setting and connectivity mixed landuse/protection schemes
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d) we can’t lock everything up mixed zones (abell 2007)
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d) we can’t lock everything up mixed zones (abell 2007) flexible catchment rules (hermoso et al., in press) cost surfaces
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publications Freshwater Biology special issue: Systematic planning in freshwater environments edited by E. Turak & S. Linke Studies from: China,Nth & Sth America, Europe, Sth Africa, Australia Linke S., Norris, R.H., Pressey, R.L. (2008) Irreplaceability of river networks: Towards catchment-based conservation planning, Journal of Applied Ecology (in press) Turak, E. & Koop, K. (2008) Multi-attribute ecological river typology for assessing ecological condition and conservation planning. Hydrobiologia, 603, 83-104. Moilanen, A., Leathwick, J. & Elith, J. (2008) A method for spatial freshwater conservation prioritization. Freshwater Biology, 53, 577-592. Linke S., Pressey, R.L, Bailey, R.C., Norris R.H. (2007). Management options for river conservation planning: Condition and conservation re-visited, Freshwater Biology, 52, 918-938 Bailey, R.C., Reynoldson, T.B., Yates, A.G., Bailey, J.L., Linke S. (2007) Integrating stream bioassessment and landscape ecology as a tool for landuse planning, Freshwater Biology, 52, 908-917 Hermoso, V. Linke S., Prenda, J. (accepted) Identifying priority sites for conservation of freshwater fish biodiversity in a mediterranean basin, Hydrobiologia, accepted Ausseil, A.-G., Dymond, J. & Shepherd, J. (2007) Rapid Mapping and Prioritisation of Wetland Sites in the Manawatu– Wanganui Region, New Zealand. Environmental Management, 39, 316-325 Fitzsimons, J. A. & Robertson, H. A. (2005) Freshwater reserves in Australia: directions and challenges for the development of a comprehensive, adequate and representative system of protected areas. Hydrobiologia, 552, 87-97 Higgins, J. V., Bryer, M. T., Khoury, M. L. & FitzHugh, T. W. (2005) A freshwater classification approach for biodiversity conservation planning. Conservation Biology, 19, 432-445 Klein, C., Wilson, K., Watts, M., Stein, J., Berry, S., Carwardine, J., Smith, M. S., Mackey, B. & Possingham`, H. (in press) Incorporating ecological and evolutionary processes into continental scale conservation planning Ecological Applications. Kingsford, R. T., Brandis, K., Thomas, R. F., Crighton, P., Knowles, E. & Gale, E. (2004) Classifying landform at broad spatial scales: the distribution and conservation of wetlands in New South Wales, Australia. Marine and Freshwater Research, 55, 17- 31. Nel, J. L., Roux, D. J., Maree, G., Kleynhans, C. J., Moolman, J., Reyers, B., Rouget, M. & Cowling, R. M. (2007) Rivers in peril inside and outside protected areas: a systematic approach to conservation assessment of river ecosystems. Diversity and Distributions, 13, 341-352 Thieme, M., Lehner, B., Abell, R., Hamilton, S. K., Kellndorfer, J., Powell, G. & Riveros, J. C. (2007) Freshwater conservation planning in data-poor areas: An example from a remote Amazonian basin (Madre de Dios River, Peru and Bolivia). Biological Conservation, 135, 484-501.
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conclusions complementarity-based planning ensures efficiency and defensibility systematic planning minimises impact on stakeholders while maximising outcomes we have enough data! there is no excuse not to embark on a meaningful exercise
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