1. H H 1st AREHNA Workshop „Mobility-Environment-Health“, Kos, Greece, 3-5 May 2003 H 2 – Mobility of the future Based on material provided by courtesy of BMW Group AG 2

2. H H 1st AREHNA Workshop „Mobility-Environment-Health“, Kos, Greece, 3-5 May 2003 Mobility – The engine of progress

3. H H 1st AREHNA Workshop „Mobility-Environment-Health“, Kos, Greece, 3-5 May 2003 Mobility – The engine of progress mobility = an important economic factor  reliable infrastructure as a business advantage  mobility is an indicator of wealth and an important factor of globalisation  Challenge: To arrive to sustainable mobility

4. H H 1st AREHNA Workshop „Mobility-Environment-Health“, Kos, Greece, 3-5 May 2003 Mobility – The engine of progress Disadvantages of mobility  depletion of the world’s crude oil and natural gas reserves  increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) in the atmosphere  increase in traffic volume and traffic congestion  health risks for human, animal and plant life through harmful emissions (e.g. sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides)

5. H H 1st AREHNA Workshop „Mobility-Environment-Health“, Kos, Greece, 3-5 May 2003 Mobility – The engine of progress Possible solutions  energy conservation  use of renewable energy (solar energy, hydroelectric power, wind power, biomass)  implementation of hydrogen as an energy source

6. H H 1st AREHNA Workshop „Mobility-Environment-Health“, Kos, Greece, 3-5 May 2003 Fossil energy sources are finite Reserves are running out  Growth of the world’s population causes energy demand to increase  Lifespan of individual energy sources in years: Source: German Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources

7. H H 1st AREHNA Workshop „Mobility-Environment-Health“, Kos, Greece, 3-5 May 2003 Fossil energy sources are finite

8. H H 1st AREHNA Workshop „Mobility-Environment-Health“, Kos, Greece, 3-5 May 2003 On the move with hydrogen The discovery of hydrogen:  hydrogen = ύδωρ-hydor (water) + γεννώ- gennο (generate)  hydrogen pioneers: Paracelsus, Robert Boyle, Henry Cavendish, Antoine Laurent Lavoisier  Two thirds of the Earth’s atmosphere is made up of H 2  On Earth H 2 : water (H 66%-O 33%), organic compound (H 48%-O 28%)

9. H H 1st AREHNA Workshop „Mobility-Environment-Health“, Kos, Greece, 3-5 May 2003  as a component of water, a resource available in large quantities  environmentally compatible as part of the biological life cycle  its oxidation creates pure water  easily transported and stored in compressed gas form or as a supercooled liquid  releases chemically stored energy in the form of heat, or in the form of electricity and heat in fuel cells  high energy content = suitable as fuel for cars H 2 as the energy source of tomorrow A storage medium for heat and electricity:  hydrogen = ideal energy source to bridge the time and distance gaps between supply and demand: energy source energy contentfuel for cars

10. H H 1st AREHNA Workshop „Mobility-Environment-Health“, Kos, Greece, 3-5 May 2003 H 2 as the energy source of tomorrow

11. H H 1st AREHNA Workshop „Mobility-Environment-Health“, Kos, Greece, 3-5 May 2003 H 2 as the energy source of tomorrow

12. H H 1st AREHNA Workshop „Mobility-Environment-Health“, Kos, Greece, 3-5 May 2003 On the way to our energy source of the future

13. H H 1st AREHNA Workshop „Mobility-Environment-Health“, Kos, Greece, 3-5 May 2003 On the way to our energy source of the future  Advantages of Sustainable Energy:  fossil fuel resources no longer burnt  cyclical system: hydrogen as well as the energy required to generate it are derived from renewable sources  combustion of hydrogen emits no greenhouse gases  local power supply in the home and cars

14. H H 1st AREHNA Workshop „Mobility-Environment-Health“, Kos, Greece, 3-5 May 2003 The next steps  development of a wide-ranging H 2 infrastructure  today: extraction of hydrogen from fossil-fuel resources (above all natural gas) – cost-effective but not ecological  aim: hydrogen production using renewable energy sources – production processes more expensive, but without CO 2 emissions On the way to our energy source of the future hydrogen production using renewable energy  reduction in costs through series production making the hydrogen economy financially competitive sources

15. H H 1st AREHNA Workshop „Mobility-Environment-Health“, Kos, Greece, 3-5 May 2003 On the way to our energy source of the future Cost Of H 2  Renewable energy sources: Solar power produced H 2 today has a cost of 21 € / KWh  Natural gas (CH 4 ) as a starting point has significant cost advantages (cost of 7 € / KWh)  Depends on the primary source of energy used:  During the transition phase: Use of “intelligent mix” of fossil and renewable fuel.  Possible Solution

16. H H 1st AREHNA Workshop „Mobility-Environment-Health“, Kos, Greece, 3-5 May 2003 On the way to our energy source of the future Emissions versus cost of fossil fuels and renewable energy

17. H H 1st AREHNA Workshop „Mobility-Environment-Health“, Kos, Greece, 3-5 May 2003  loss-free storage for approx. 12 days  thermal insulation through double-shell vacuum-insulated cryogenic tanks with super-insulation  through crash tests Properties of the tank  Cryogenic tank variant  goal: travel as far as cars with petrol engines  thermally insulated tank carrying liquid hydrogen Hydrogen in the car Ecological fuelling and travellingfuelling crash tests Cryogenic tank variant  pressure up to max. five bar: -253 to -245° C  Safety guarantee  different safety-relevant behaviour to petrol

18. H H 1st AREHNA Workshop „Mobility-Environment-Health“, Kos, Greece, 3-5 May 2003 Hydrogen in the car

19. H H 1st AREHNA Workshop „Mobility-Environment-Health“, Kos, Greece, 3-5 May 2003 The case of the electric car: How do you store electricity? The problem of storing electricity:  electrical energy can only be used when stored in an intermediate storage medium (e.g. as chemical energy in a battery)  expensive and inefficient additional stage The advantages of electrically powered cars:  quiet  over 90 % efficiency  low emissions

20. H H 1st AREHNA Workshop „Mobility-Environment-Health“, Kos, Greece, 3-5 May 2003 The solution: electric cars powered by fuel cells Batteries are not the alternative  cannot achieve the same energy density as petrol and diesel  not endlessly rechargeable  too expensive  too heavy and large  operating range limited to 100-150 kilometres fuel cells  electricity generated from chemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen  recharging not necessary due to onboard tank The case of the electric car: How do you store electricity?

21. H H 1st AREHNA Workshop „Mobility-Environment-Health“, Kos, Greece, 3-5 May 2003 The fuel cell – electricity from hydrogen

22. H H 1st AREHNA Workshop „Mobility-Environment-Health“, Kos, Greece, 3-5 May 2003 Advantages of fuel cells  eco-friendly and efficient  operation with pure hydrogen: low emissions operation with pure hydrogen  conversion of chemical energy directly into electrical energy (conversion of more than 1/2 of the energy input into electricity)  much higher efficiency than conventional power plants (no detour via turbine and generator which results to 2/3 of energy loss )  Reaction between H 2 and O 2 without flame: "Cold Combustion" The fuel cell – electricity from hydrogen

23. H H 1st AREHNA Workshop „Mobility-Environment-Health“, Kos, Greece, 3-5 May 2003 Fuel cells in use  The Fuel for Fuel Cells  Fuel Cells can run on  On pure H 2  On a number of H compounds:  Natural gas (CH 4 )  Methanol  Biomass  Petrol CH 4 +H 2 O  CO+3H 2 CO+O 2  CO 2

24. H H 1st AREHNA Workshop „Mobility-Environment-Health“, Kos, Greece, 3-5 May 2003 Fuel cells in use

25. H H 1st AREHNA Workshop „Mobility-Environment-Health“, Kos, Greece, 3-5 May 2003 A new way of thinking – starting today

26. H H 1st AREHNA Workshop „Mobility-Environment-Health“, Kos, Greece, 3-5 May 2003  hydrogen extracted from renewable energy sources is in some respects cheaper in view of the ecological “cost” of burning fossil fuels  alternative concepts proposed by DaimlerChrysler and Opel: electric cars powered by fuel cells  the CleanEnergy approach adopted by the BMW Group: to build hydrogen-powered cars with internal combustion engines BMW hydrogen-powered cars with internal DaimlerChrysler hydrogen extracted from renewable energy sources  important: public information about the advantages of the hydrogen economy Group combustion engines Hydrogen represents the mobility of the future A new way of thinking – starting today

27. H H 1st AREHNA Workshop „Mobility-Environment-Health“, Kos, Greece, 3-5 May 2003 A new way of thinking – starting today

28. H H 1st AREHNA Workshop „Mobility-Environment-Health“, Kos, Greece, 3-5 May 2003 A new way of thinking – starting today

29. H H 1st AREHNA Workshop „Mobility-Environment-Health“, Kos, Greece, 3-5 May 2003 A new way of thinking - starting today

30. H H 1st AREHNA Workshop „Mobility-Environment-Health“, Kos, Greece, 3-5 May 2003 H 2 – Mobility of the future