1. Transcription Translation
RNA
Structure
and
Function
Transcription Translation

2. RNA versus DNA

3. The Sugar
Ribose

4. Four RNA Bases
Adenine
Uracil
Guanine
Cytosine

5. Types of RNA

6. mRNA
Represents the sequence of codons (mRNA language) from the DNA strand.
Brings the sequence to the ribosomes (site of protein synthesis) in the cytoplasm.
Provides the sequence for the synthesis of specific protein from the amino acids (found in cytoplasm).
mRNA = messenger RNA

7. rRNA
rRNA = ribosomal RNA
Function:
forms a complex with various proteins and make a structure called ribosome, and this complex reads the coded sequence in mRNA to link amino acids together into particular proteins.

8. tRNA brings the amino acids to the ribosomes
Transfer RNA
tRNA brings the amino acids to the ribosomes

9. The Central Dogma of Life.
replication

10. Transcription
Transcription is the process by which RNA is built from a template of DNA

11. Transcription

12. Editing mRNA
Introns and exons are parts of genes. Exons code for proteins, whereas introns do not.

13. Transcription Translation
The mRNA sequence leaves the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm to be “read”.
Translation

14. Translation
Translation is the process by which protein is made from an mRNA template

15. Codons 4 different bases make up RNA
RNA is read in groups of three called a triplet
One triplet is called a CODON
Each CODON represents a specific amino acids
Amino acids build proteins

16. Codons

17. Why Three Bases per Codon?
A one base code: 41 = 4 combinations
A two base code: 42 = 16 combinations
A three base code: 43 = 64 combinations
There are twenty amino acids, so a three-base code is the minimum required.

18. tRNA
Function: Transports amino acids floating in the cytoplasm to ribosomes for protein synthesis
One end of the strand has guanine, while the other end carries the CCA combination of nitrogen bases. A triplet of nitrogen bases called anticodon is present on one of the loops. The anticodon pairs with the complementary codon on the mRNA molecule.
tRNA strand is folded upon itself forming hydrogen bonded loops. It results in either a clover leaf pattern or hair pin pattern
tRNA = transfer RNA
Hydrogen bonds

19. Making a protein
mRNA from nucleus travels through the cytoplasm to the ribosome
On the mRNA, a start codon: AUG signals the beginning of a protein
tRNA delivers specific amino acids and creates a polypeptide chain
A release factor ends
the process

20. Protein Synthesis