1. Ghettoisation

6. …are two terms at different ends of the same spectrum relating to intra-urban migration. Gentrification refers to an area where quality of life and social standing are improved or have been improving. Probably the best example of this in Cardiff includes the new housing complexes in Cardiff Bay. Ghettoisation is the opposite where areas are seen as unpopular or even dangerous so residents seek to move out (to better areas) this leaves behind vacant housing taken by those with no other choices such as unemployed, asylum seekers/immigrants, people with other problems such as drug abuse, criminal records or mental health. This further enforces the negative concepts and those who can move do so and the areas spirals downwards. Gentrification and ghettoisation …

7. What is Gentrification? It is the process by which relatively affluent middle class households move into run down inner city neighbourhoods. It applies to small areas in a neighbourhood but often has knock on effects and steadily spreads. Eg Cardiff bay and Notting Hill

8. How are ghettos formed? 1.As ports of entry for racial minorities and immigrant racial minorities 2.When the majority uses compulsion (violence, hostility or legal barriers) to force minorities into particular areas 3.When economic conditions make it difficult for minority members to live in non-minority areas

9. Ghettos in the USA Brainstorm what you think these are like How do ghettos vary from student districts?

10. A brief history….. The Irish in the 19 th Century formed the first ghettos They were followed by the Italians and Poles in the late 19 th and early 20 th centuries (they were more segregated than the blacks of that era) Other ethnic ghettos developed for the Jews (Lower East Side, NY), Puerto Ricans (Spanish Harlem), Brighton Beach (Russian and Ukranians) It was between the abolution of slavery and the passing of civil rights laws in the 1960s that African Americans were ‘forced’ to live in specific areas

11. Los Angeles In central Los Angeles there is an African American ghetto called Watts – cheap houses, historical reasons East LA – Mexicans have settled in barrios Immigrants live in the ethnoburbs – affluent suburbs. Middle class professionals. Due to choice, convenience and cultural reasons Elite ghettos – Beverly Hills gated communities

12. Our case study Grangetown Cardiff

15. Ghettoisation in the UK

17. What makes a Ghetto? What are the key factors that make a place a ghetto? What are the advantages of ghettos for those that live there? What are the disadvantages of ghettos to those who live there? Q2c jan 2012