1. Instrument Ground Training Module 7
Randy Schoephoerster

2. Agenda Airports, ATC and Airspace Hypoxia Hyperventilation
Spatial Disorientation
Vision
Visual Illusions

3. CAUTION…………………..
The sole purpose of this class is to expedite your passing the FAA knowledge test. With that said, all extra material not directly tested on the FAA knowledge test is omitted, even though much more information and knowledge is necessary to fly safely. Consult the FAR/AIM (CFR) and other FAA Handbooks for further information along with a Flight Instruction course.
Instrument Knowledge Test is good for 24 calendar months.
FAA-G D
www. sportys.com/faatest

4. CFR 61.65 (d) Instrument Practical Test Requirements
(d) Aeronautical experience for the instrument-airplane rating. A person who applies for an instrument-airplane rating must have logged:
(1) Fifty hours of cross country flight time as pilot in command, of which 10 hours must have been in an airplane; and
(2) Forty hours of actual or simulated instrument time in the areas of operation listed in paragraph (c) of this section, of which 15 hours must have been received from an authorized instructor who holds an instrument-airplane rating, and the instrument time includes:
(i) Three hours of instrument flight training from an authorized instructor in an airplane that is appropriate to the instrument-airplane rating within 2 calendar months before the date of the practical test; and
(ii) Instrument flight training on cross country flight procedures, including one cross country flight in an airplane with an authorized instructor, that is performed under instrument flight rules, when a flight plan has been filed with an air traffic control facility, and that involves—
(A) A flight of 250 nautical miles along airways or by directed routing from an air traffic control facility;
(B) An instrument approach at each airport; and
(C) Three different kinds of approaches with the use of navigation systems.

5. HYPOXIA AND HYPERVENTILATION
Hypoxia results from a lack of oxygen in the bloodstream and causes a lack of clear thinking, fatigue, euphoria, and, shortly thereafter, unconsciousness.
Symptoms of hypoxia are difficult to detect before the pilot’s reactions are affected.
Hyperventilation occurs when an excessive amount of air is breathed into the lungs at an excessive rate, e.g., when one becomes excited as a result of stress, fear, or anxiety.
Overcome hyperventilation symptoms by slowing the breathing rate, by placing a paper bag over your nose and mouth and breathing into it, or by talking aloud.

6. Hypoxia
Deterioration in night vision occurs at pressure altitude as low a 5,000ft
Other effects of altitude hypoxia occurs above 12,000ft
Headache
Drowsiness
Dizziness
Euphoria or Belligerence
Judgment
Memory
Alertness
Coordination
Ability to make calculations

7. Hypoxia
Performance seriously deteriorates in less than 15 minutes at 15,000ft MSL
Periphery Vision turns gray
Only central vision remains (tunnel vision)
Fingernails and lips turn blue (cyanosis)
18,000 – 20,000ft MSL, ability to think straight is lost in 20 – 30 minutes
At 20,000ft MSL, occurs in 5-12 minutes followed by unconsciousness

8. Hypoxia
Hypoxia can occur at lower altitudes if you have one of the following
Carbon monoxide from exhaust fumes
Alcohol, antihistamines, tranquilizers, sedatives, analgesics
Extreme heat/cold
Fever
Anxiety
Hypoxia is prevented/corrected by
Using oxygen above 5,000ft at night and 10,000ft day
Use lower altitude

9. Hypoxia Question

10. Hyperventilation
Abnormal increase in volume of air breathed in and out of the lungs
Occurs during a stressful situation
Flushed the needed carbon dioxide to maintain the proper blood acidity
Symptoms
Dizziness
Tingling in fingers/toes
Hot/Cold sensations
Drowsiness
Nausea
Feeling of suffocation
Incapacitation results from disorientation and muscle spasms leading then into unconsciousness
Reaction to the symptoms causes even greater hyperventilation

11. Hyperventilation
Symptoms subside within a few minutes after the rate and depth of breathing are slowed
Hasten the recovery by breathing in and out of a paper bag, talking, singing or counting aloud
Early symptoms of Hyperventilation and Hypoxia are similar and can occur at the same time
If using oxygen during early symptoms, set the regulator to deliver 100% oxygen to make sure it’s not hypoxia
If not hypoxia, slow rate and depth of breathing

12. Hyperventilation Question

13. SPATIAL DISORIENTATION
Spatial disorientation (sometimes called vertigo) is a state of temporary confusion resulting from misleading information sent to the brain by various sensory organs.
The best way to overcome the effects of spatial disorientation is to rely on the airplane instruments and ignore body (kinesthetic) signals.
The nervous system often interprets centrifugal force as vertical movement, i.e., rising or falling.
Coriolis illusion is caused by an abrupt head movement in a prolonged constant-rate turn.
This can cause spatial disorientation.

14. Spatial Disorientation
An abrupt change from a climb to straight-and-level flight can create the illusion of tumbling backwards.
A rapid acceleration during takeoff can create the illusion of being in a nose-up attitude.
False horizon is an illusion that is caused by a sloping cloud formation, an obscured horizon, or a dark scene spread with ground lights and stars.

15. Illusions Leading to Spatial Disorientation
Leans
Abrupt correction of a banked attitude which was entered too slowly to stimulate the motion sensing system of the ear, creates the illusion of banking in the opposite direction
Solved by reference to the flight instruments so vision can overcome the inner ear nerves
Coriollis Illusion
Caused by an abrupt head movement during a long constant-rate turn that ceased to stimulate the inner ear
So don’t make abrupt head movements in IFR and watch the flight instruments

17. Spatial Disorientation

18. Illusions Leading to Spatial Disorientation
Graveyard Spin
Recovery from a long spin can cease to stimulate the inner ear and create the illusion of spinning in the opposite direction.
Pilot then returns the aircraft to its original spin
Corrective action: Watch the flight instruments so vision can overcome the inner ear
Graveyard Spiral
Loss of altitude during a coordinated constant rate turn ceases to stimulate the inner ear creates the illusion of being in a descent with the wings level.
Pilot pulls back on the controls, tightening the spiral and increasing the loss of altitude
Corrective action: Watch the flight instruments so vision can overcome the inner ear and seat nerves

19. Spatial Disorientation Questions

20. Spatial Disorientation Questions

21. Spatial Disorientation Questions

22. Spatial Disorientation Questions

23. Spatial Disorientation Questions

24. Didn’t get to these on Day 8

25. Instrument Ground Training Module 7
Randy Schoephoerster

26. Vision and Visual Illusion
Pilots should adapt their eyes for night flying by avoiding bright white lights for 30 minutes prior to flight
White light must be avoided since it will cause temporary night blindness and impair night vision
Scan for other aircraft in daylight using short regularly spaced eye movements
Scan for 10 degs increments every 1-2 seconds
Only the small center area of the eye can send clear, sharp, focused messages to the brain. All other areas of the eye provide less detail
At Night, use off center vision and slowly scan back and forth to facilitate off-center viewing

27. Vision

28. Vision Questions

29. Vision Questions

30. Visual Illusions Haze Narrow Runway Upward Sloping Runway
Creates the illusion of being a greater distance from the runway than actual
Result: Pilot flies lower than normal approach
Narrow Runway
Creates the illusion that the airplane is higher than actual
Result : Pilot flies lower than normal approach
Upward Sloping Runway
Creates illusion that airplane is higher than actual
Result: Pilot flies lower than normal approach
Downward causes the opposite

31. Visual Illusion Questions

32. Visual Illusion Questions

33. Instrument Ground Training Module 7
Randy Schoephoerster