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Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks
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Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record Provide reservoir and seal lithologies Provide reservoir and seal lithologies
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The Rock Cycle
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Major Sediment/ Sedimentary Rock Types Clastics Clastics Particles of preexisting rock Particles of preexisting rock Chemical and biochemical Chemical and biochemical Precipitated from solution Precipitated from solution
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Clastics Particles of preexisting rock Particles of preexisting rock Effect of weathering Effect of weathering Dominantly silicate minerals Dominantly silicate minerals
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Gravel and conglomerate/breccia > 30% of grains > 2mm > 30% of grains > 2mm Conglomerate if rounded, breccia if angular Conglomerate if rounded, breccia if angular Need strong currents Need strong currents
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Sand and sandstone Dominantly sand sized particles (.062 - 2 mm) Dominantly sand sized particles (.062 - 2 mm)
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Sand and sandstone Dominantly sand sized particles (.062 - 2 mm) Dominantly sand sized particles (.062 - 2 mm) Major kinds of sandstones Major kinds of sandstones Quartz arenites Quartz arenites
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Quartz arenite
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Sand and sandstone Dominantly sand sized particles (.062 - 2 mm) Dominantly sand sized particles (.062 - 2 mm) Major kinds of sandstones Major kinds of sandstones Quartz arenites Quartz arenites Arkoses Arkoses
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Arkose
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Sand and sandstone Dominantly sand sized particles (.062 - 2 mm) Dominantly sand sized particles (.062 - 2 mm) Major kinds of sandstones Major kinds of sandstones Quartz arenites Quartz arenites Arkoses Arkoses Lithic arenites Lithic arenites Graywacke (wacke) Graywacke (wacke)
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Graywacke
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Mud and mudrock Particles dominantly (<0.062) Particles dominantly (<0.062) Silt and siltstone (0.062 - 0.004 mm) Silt and siltstone (0.062 - 0.004 mm) Clay and claystone (<0.004 mm) Clay and claystone (<0.004 mm) Weak to no currents Weak to no currents
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Shale (Mudrock)
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Chemical and biochemical Precipitated from solution Precipitated from solution Formed at or near place of deposition Formed at or near place of deposition Dominantly carbonates & evaporites Dominantly carbonates & evaporites Classified by chemical composition Classified by chemical composition
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Carbonates Limestone (CaCO 3 ) Limestone (CaCO 3 ) Dolostone (CaMg(CO 3 ) 2 ) Dolostone (CaMg(CO 3 ) 2 )
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The White Cliffs of Dover
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Evaporites Halite (NaCl) Halite (NaCl) Gypsum (CaSO 4. 2H 2 O) Gypsum (CaSO 4. 2H 2 O)
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Bonneville salt flats, Utah
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Siliceous Chert (microcrystalline SiO 2 ) Chert (microcrystalline SiO 2 ) Flint Flint Jasper Jasper Agate Agate
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Jasper
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Agate
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Siliceous Chert (microcrystalline SiO 2 ) Chert (microcrystalline SiO 2 ) Flint Flint Jasper Jasper Agate Agate Siliceous sediment Siliceous sediment Microfossils Microfossils Radiolarians
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Bedded Chert
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Siliceous Chert (microcrystalline SiO 2 ) Chert (microcrystalline SiO 2 ) Flint Flint Jasper Jasper Agate Agate Siliceous sediment Siliceous sediment Microfossils Microfossils Diagenetic Diagenetic
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Chert nodules in Permian Kaibab Limestone. Grand Canyon, Arizona
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Phosphorite Rich in phosphorous Ca 10 (PO 4,CO 3 ) 6 F 2-3 Rich in phosphorous Ca 10 (PO 4,CO 3 ) 6 F 2-3 Phosphatic sediment (e.g., fish bones) Phosphatic sediment (e.g., fish bones) Diagenetic Diagenetic
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Bat guano, Slaughter Canyon Cave, NM Why is this geology student so happy?
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Transportation and deposition
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Currents Air and water Air and water The faster the current the larger the particles The faster the current the larger the particles
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Settling velocity
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Sorting
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Rounding
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Sedimentary Structures Depositional Depositional Erosional Erosional Deformational Deformational Chemical (diagenetic) Chemical (diagenetic) Large-scale features of sedimentary rocks that result from physical and/or chemical processes
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Stratification Bedding Lamination
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Laminated shale
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1957, Charles Herbert
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Depositional (Sedimentary) Environments A geographic location characterized by a particular combination of geological processes and environmental conditions
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Diagenesis All the changes sediment undergoes subsequent to deposition and prior to metamorphism
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Physical (mechanical) diagenesis Compaction Compaction Fracturing Fracturing Ductile deformation Ductile deformation Grain rearrangement Grain rearrangement
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Chemical diagenesis Mineral precipitation (cementation) Mineral precipitation (cementation) Dissolution Dissolution Grain Grain Cement Cement
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Lithification The processes by which sediment is transformed into sedimentary rock
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