1. Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy

2. Food=chemical energy Cellular Respiration
All living things need energy
Energy in the form of…
Food=chemical energy

3. Living things get most of the energy they need from glucose.
Autotrophs make glucose using photosynthesis
Heterotrophs get glucose from food they eat

4. Cellular Respiration is the process of extracting stored energy from glucose and storing it in the high energy bonds of ATP.

5. What Is ATP? Energy used by all Cells Adenosine Triphosphate
Organic molecule containing high-energy Phosphate bonds 5

6. Chemical Structure of ATP6

7. What Does ATP Do for You?
It supplies YOU with ENERGY! 7

8. Why ATP? An analogy to money…
Glucose in our food is a great source of energy! ($100 bill)
However, individual cell processes may only require a small amount of energy ($1 bill)

9. Analogy: most vending machines do not accept $100 bills
Analogy: most vending machines do not accept $100 bills! We need a smaller form of “currency” for these processes.
ATP is this important cellular “currency” for life.
ATP releases more appropriate amounts of energy for the individual cellular processes than does glucose

10. How Do We Get Energy From ATP?
By breaking the high- energy bonds between the last two phosphates in ATP 10

11. Results in ADP -Adenosine Diphosphate
(only 2 phosphates)

12. How efficient is cell respiration?
Energy released from glucose (as heat and light)
Energy released from glucose banked in ATP
Gasoline energy converted to movement
100%
About 40%
25%
Burning glucose in an experiment
“Burning” glucose in cellular respiration
Burning gasoline in an auto engine

14. ATP is broken down into ADP + P and then remade again with the help of enzymes in the ATP/ADP cycle

16. Respiration
There are two types of Respiration: Anaerobic Respiration and Aerobic Respiration
Anaerobic Respiration – without oxygen (referred to as Fermentation)
Aerobic Respiration – with oxygen (referred to as Cellular Respiration)

17. The First Stage for both types of respiration, is called Glycolysis

18. Glycolysis glyco means “glucose/sugar”, and
lysis means “to split”. Therefore,
glycolysis means “to split glucose”
C-C-C-C-C-C
C-C-C

19. Glycolysis Occurs in the cytoplasm just outside of mitochondria.
Needs no oxygen and makes 2 ATP
Process in which 1 glucose in broken in half, producing 2 molecules of pyruvic acid
C-C-C-C-C-C
C-C-C

20. Anaerobic Respiration/Fermentation
(Fermentation does NOT use oxygen)
After Glycolysis, the respiration process stops with 2 ATP made.
The pyruvate is then changed into one of several types of molecules, depending on the type of organism doing the fermentation

21. Anaerobic Respiration
Anaerobic respiration is involved at some stage in the preparation of these foodstuffs

22. 1. Alcoholic Fermentation, and 2. Lactic Acid Fermentation
The 2 most common forms of Anaerobic Respiration are:
1. Alcoholic Fermentation, and
2. Lactic Acid Fermentation

24. Alcoholic Fermentation
is carried out by yeast,
a kind of fungus.

25. Alcoholic Fermentation
Uses only Glycolysis.
Produces ATP when O2 is not available.

26. Alcoholic Fermentation C6H12O6 2 C2H5OH + 2 CO2
(Ethyl Alcohol or Ethanol)
As a result of Alcoholic Fermentation, Glucose is converted into 2 molecules of Ethyl Alcohol and 2 Molecules of Carbon Dioxide.

27. Wine making Grapes are crushed and the sugar they contain is fermented
by yeasts to produce alcohol and carbon dioxide.
The carbon dioxide usually escapes but if the wine is
bottled before fermentation is complete, the carbon dioxide
dissolves and escapes as bubble when the bottle is opened
This is the case with ‘sparkling’ wines such as Champagne

28. Brewing
In brewing beer, a sugary product (malt) is dissolved out of germinating barley
Yeast is added to this solution and fermentation begins, producing alcohol and carbon dioxide
Some of the carbon dioxide escapes but the rest dissolves in the beer when it is bottled or put into casks
When the bottles or casks are opened, the dissolved CO2 escapes as bubbles

29. Baking In baking, yeast is added to a mixture of flour and water,
made into the form of a dough
The yeast first changes the flour starch into sugar and then
ferments the sugar into alcohol and CO2
The CO2 forms bubbles in the dough which cause it to
expand (‘rise’)
When the dough is baked, the heat evaporates the
alcohol but makes the trapped bubbles expand giving the
bread a ‘light’ texture

30. Dough rising 36 The yeast is mixed with the dough
After 1 hour in a warm place the dough has risen as a result of the carbon dioxide
produced by the yeast

31. 37
The ‘holes’ in the
bread are made by
the carbon dioxide
bubbles.
This gives the bread a ‘light’ texture

32. Lactic Acid Fermentation
Uses only Glycolysis.
Does NOT use O2
Produces ATP when O2 is not available.

34. Lactic Acid Fermentation
Performed by bacteria
Results in yogurt, pickles, sauerkraut and kimchi

35. Lactic Acid Fermentation
Carried out by human muscle cells under oxygen debt.
Lactic Acid is a toxin and causes fatigue, soreness and stiffness in muscles.

37. Fermentation - Summary
Releases 2 ATP from the breakdown of a glucose molecule
Provides ATP to a cell even when O2 is absent.

38. Aerobic Respiration requires oxygen!

39. There are three phases to Aerobic Respiration ... they are:
1. Glycolysis (same as the glycolysis of anaerobic respiration)
2. Krebs cycle (AKA - Citric Acid cycle)
3. Oxidative Phosphorylation and The Electron Transport Chain

40. Aerobic Respiration takes place in both the cytoplasm (Glycolysis) and in the mitochondria of a cell

42. Comparing Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration
requires a mitochondrion and oxygen
is a three phase process
Anaerobic –
does not require oxygen
consists of one phase only-Glycolysis

43. Mitochondria
Organelle where cellular respiration takes place.

44. Cellular Respiration C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP
An exergonic, oxygen (O2) requiring process that uses energy extracted from organic molecules (glucose) to produce energy (ATP) and water (H2O).
C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP
Glucose oxygen
Carbon water
dioxide
ENERGY

45. Breakdown of Cellular Respiration
Three main parts (stages).
1. Glycolysis (splitting of sugar)
2. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
3. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and
Oxidative Phosphorylation

46. 1. Glycolysis Occurs in the cytoplasm just outside of mitochondria.
Needs no oxygen and makes 2 ATP
Process in which 1 glucose in broken in half, producing 2 molecules of pyruvic acid
C-C-C-C-C-C
C-C-C

47. 2. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
Occurs in the mitochondria
Makes 2 ATP
Pyruvic acid is broken down into CO2 in a series of energy-extracting reactions
Citric Acid is created in this cycle thus giving it the nickname Citric Acid Cycle.

48. 3. Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
Location: mitochondria
Makes 32 ATP
Uses high-energy e- from Krebs Cycle to make ATP

49. ATP TOTAL ATP YIELD The ETC makes the most ATP
In total cellular respiration makes 36 ATP
ATP

50. Krebs Cycle and ETC require oxygen to work!

52. Cellular Respiration Flowchart
Glucose (C6H1206) +
Oxygen (02)
Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle
Electron Transport Chain
Carbon
Dioxide
(CO2) +
Water
(H2O)

53. One example of respiration in ourselves15
One example of respiration in ourselves
2. The lungs absorb oxygen
from the air
1. Air taken in
1.Food taken in
2.The stomach and
intestine digest food.
One of the products
is glucose
3.The blood stream
carries glucose and oxygen to the muscles
The water produced as a waste product of respiration is picked up by the blood stream and may be lost in sweat, water vapour from the lungs or in urine
Glucose and oxygen react to produce energy for muscle contraction
4 RESPIRATION
5 Carbon dioxide
is carried to the lungs
by the blood

54. Fermentation (without oxygen)
Respiration - Summary
Glucose
Krebs cycle
Electron transport
Glycolysis
Fermentation (without oxygen)
Alcohol or Lactic Acid