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The Human Body: An Orientation
1 P A R T B The Human Body: An Orientation
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Anatomical Position Body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward, thumbs point away from body Figure 1.7a
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Directional Terms Superior and inferior – toward and away from the head, respectively Anterior and posterior – toward the front and back of the body Medial, lateral, and intermediate – toward the midline, away from the midline, and between a more medial and lateral structure
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Directional Terms Proximal and distal – closer to and farther from the origin of the body part Superficial and deep – toward and away from the body surface
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Directional Terms Table 1.1a
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Directional Terms Table 1.1b
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Regional Terms: Anterior View
Nasal (nose) Oral (mouth) Cervical (neck) Frontal (forehead) Orbital (eye) Buccal (cheek) Mental (chin) (a) Anterior Figure 1.7a
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Regional Terms: Anterior View
Nasal (nose) Oral (mouth) Cervical (neck) Acromial (point of shoulder) Axillary (armpit) Brachial (arm) Antecubital (front of elbow) Abdominal (abdomen) Pelvic (pelvis) Antebrachial (forearm) Carpal (wrist) Palmar (palm) Pollex (thumb) Digital (fingers) Mammary (breast) Frontal (forehead) Orbital (eye) Buccal (cheek) Sternal (breastbone) Thoracic (chest) Mental (chin) Umbilical (navel) (a) Anterior Figure 1.7a
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Regional Terms: Anterior View
Nasal (nose) Oral (mouth) Cervical (neck) Acromial (point of shoulder) Axillary (armpit) Brachial (arm) Antecubital (front of elbow) Abdominal (abdomen) Pelvic (pelvis) Antebrachial (forearm) Carpal (wrist) Palmar (palm) Pollex (thumb) Digital (fingers) Pubic (genital region) Patellar (anterior knee) Crural (leg) Tarsal (ankle) Pedal (foot) Digital (toes) Inguinal (groin) Coxal (hip) Femoral (thigh) Fibular, or peroneal (side of leg) Hallux (great toe) Mammary (breast) Frontal (forehead) Orbital (eye) Buccal (cheek) Sternal (breastbone) Thoracic (chest) Mental (chin) Umbilical (navel) (a) Anterior Figure 1.7a
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Regional Terms: Posterior View
Otic (ear) Occipital (back of head or base of skull) Cephalic (head) (b) Posterior Figure 1.7b
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Regional Terms: Posterior View
Brachial (arm) Otic (ear) Occipital (back of head or base of skull) Acromial (point of shoulder) Vertebral (spinal column) Scapular (shoulder blade) Dorsum or dorsal (back) Olecranal (back of elbow) Lumbar (loin) Sacral (between hips) Manus (hand) Upper extremity Cephalic (head) (b) Posterior Figure 1.7b
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Regional Terms: Posterior View
Brachial (arm) Otic (ear) Occipital (back of head or base of skull) Acromial (point of shoulder) Vertebral (spinal column) Scapular (shoulder blade) Dorsum or dorsal (back) Olecranal (back of elbow) Lumbar (loin) Sacral (between hips) Gluteal (buttock) Perineal (region between the anus and external genitalia) Femoral (thigh) Popliteal (back of knee) Sural (calf) Calcaneal (heel) Plantar (sole) Manus (hand) Upper extremity Cephalic (head) Lower (b) Posterior Figure 1.7b
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Body Planes Sagittal – divides the body into right and left parts Midsagittal or medial – sagittal plane that lies on the midline Frontal or coronal – divides the body into anterior and posterior parts Transverse or horizontal (cross section) – divides the body into superior and inferior parts Oblique section – cuts made diagonally
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Body Planes Figure 1.8
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Anatomical Variability
Humans vary slightly in both external and internal anatomy Over 90% of all anatomical structures match textbook descriptions, but: Nerves or blood vessels may be somewhat out of place Small muscles may be missing Extreme anatomical variations are seldom seen
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Body Cavities Dorsal cavity protects the nervous system, and is divided into two subdivisions Cranial cavity – within the skull; encases the brain Vertebral cavity – runs within the vertebral column; encases the spinal cord Ventral cavity houses the internal organs (viscera), and is divided into two subdivisions Thoracic Abdominopelvic
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Body Cavities Cranial cavity (contains brain) Thoracic Dorsal body
Diaphragm Abdominal cavity (contains digestive viscera) Pelvic cavity (contains bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum) Vertebral cavity (contains spinal cord) Key: Dorsal body cavity Ventral body cavity Thoracic (contains heart and lungs) (a) Lateral view Figure 1.9a
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Body Cavities Key: Cranial Dorsal body cavity Ventral body cavity
(thoracic and abdomino- pelvic cavities) Abdomino- cavity Superior mediastinum Pleural Cranial Vertebral Pericardial cavity within the mediastinum Diaphragm Abdominal cavity (contains digestive viscera) Pelvic cavity (contains bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum) Thoracic (contains heart and lungs) (b) Anterior view Key: Dorsal body cavity Ventral body cavity Figure 1.9b
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Body Cavities Thoracic cavity is subdivided into two pleural cavities, the mediastinum, and the pericardial cavity Pleural cavities – each houses a lung Mediastinum – contains the pericardial cavity; surrounds the remaining thoracic organs Pericardial cavity – encloses the heart
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It is composed of two subdivisions
Body Cavities The abdominopelvic cavity is separated from the superior thoracic cavity by the dome-shaped diaphragm It is composed of two subdivisions Abdominal cavity – contains the stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and other organs Pelvic cavity – lies within the pelvis and contains the bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum
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Ventral Body Cavity Membranes
Parietal serosa lines internal body walls Visceral serosa covers the internal organs Serous fluid separates the serosae
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Serous Membrane Relationship
Figure 1.10a
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Heart Serosae Figure 1.10b
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Other Body Cavities Oral and digestive – mouth and cavities of the digestive organs Nasal –located within and posterior to the nose Orbital – house the eyes Middle ear – contains bones (ossicles) that transmit sound vibrations Synovial – joint cavities
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Other Body Cavities Figure 1.13
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Abdominopelvic Regions
Figure 1.11a
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Organs of the Abdominopelvic Regions
Figure 1.11b
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Abdominopelvic Quadrants
Right upper Left upper Right lower Left lower Figure 1.12
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Review Questions When someone becomes dehydrated, we usually feel thirsty, which causes us to drink fluids. Decide whether the thirst sensation is part of a negative or positive feedback control system and defend your choice. Mr. Harvey, a computer programmer, has been complaining of numbness and pain in his right hand. The nurse practitioner diagnosed his problem as carpal tunnel syndrome and prescribe use of a splint. Where will Mr. Harvey apply the splint?
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Directional term review:
Distal: elbow/wrist Lateral: hip bone/umbilicus Superior: nose/chin Anterior: toes/heel Superficial: scalp/skull
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