1. Princess Sumaya Univ. Computer Engineering Dept. د. بســام كحـالــه Dr. Bassam Kahhaleh

2. Princess Sumaya Univ. Computer Engineering Dept. Chapter 2:

3. Princess Sumaya University 22342 – Computer Org. & Assembly Lang. Computer Engineering Dept. 2 / 12 Intel Processors History YearMicroprocessorAddress BitsData BitsTransistors 197140041242,300 197480801686,000 197880862016/829,000 1982802862416/8134,000 1985803863232/16/8275,000 1989804863232/16/81,200,000 1992Pentium3232/16/83,100,000 1995Pentium Pro3232/16/85,500,000 1997Pentium II3232/16/87,500,000 1999Pentium III3232/16/89,500,000 2001Pentium 43232/16/842,000,000 2004Pentium 4 EM64T6432/16/8125,000,000 2008Core 2 Quad6432/16/8820,000,000

4. Princess Sumaya University 22342 – Computer Org. & Assembly Lang. Computer Engineering Dept. 3 / 12 Microprocessor Architecture Address Data Register File ALU Microprocessor MEMORYMEMORYMEMORYMEMORY

5. Princess Sumaya University 22342 – Computer Org. & Assembly Lang. Computer Engineering Dept. 4 / 12 Modes of Operation  Real-Address Mode ●20-Bit Address (1 MB Memory) ●8/16-Bit Data ●8/16-Bit Registers  Protected Mode  Virtual Mode  System Management Mode

6. Princess Sumaya University 22342 – Computer Org. & Assembly Lang. Computer Engineering Dept. 5 / 12 Real Mode Registers AL  8 Bits  AH  8 Bits  AX BLBH BX CLCH CX DLDH DX Accumulator Register Base Register Count Register Division Register

7. Princess Sumaya University 22342 – Computer Org. & Assembly Lang. Computer Engineering Dept. 6 / 12 Real Mode Registers  16 Bits  SI Source Index DI Destination Index BP Base Pointer SP Stack Pointer IP Instruction Pointer

8. Princess Sumaya University 22342 – Computer Org. & Assembly Lang. Computer Engineering Dept. 7 / 12 Real Mode Registers  16 Bits  CS Code Segment DS Data Segment ES Extra Segment SS Stack Segment

9. Princess Sumaya University 22342 – Computer Org. & Assembly Lang. Computer Engineering Dept. 8 / 12 Real Mode Memory Segmentation  Previous Microprocessors ●8-bit Data, 16-bit Address ●  64 KByte Memory Space  Code Segment  Data Segment  Overlapping Byte 0 0 0 0 0 ↓ 0 F F F F 1 M 64 K 1 0 0 0 0 ↓ 1 F F F F 64 K

10. Princess Sumaya University 22342 – Computer Org. & Assembly Lang. Computer Engineering Dept. 9 / 12 Real Mode Addressing Segment Register Offset 0000 20 Bits + Memory Address  64 KB Segmentation ●16-Byte Boundary Alignment ●Seg:Offset Notation Example:

11. Princess Sumaya University 22342 – Computer Org. & Assembly Lang. Computer Engineering Dept. 10 / 12 Flags  Status Flags ●Carry (CF) ●Overflow (OF) ●Sign (SF) ●Zero (ZF) ●Auxiliary Carry (AC) ●Parity (PF)  Control Flags ●Direction, Interrupt, etc. - - - - OF DF IF TF SF ZF - AC - PF - CF

12. Princess Sumaya University 22342 – Computer Org. & Assembly Lang. Computer Engineering Dept. 11 / 12 Intel 8086/8088 IP ALAH BLBH CLCH DLDH SI DI BP SP CS DS ES SS ALU Operations: ADD SUB MUL DIV INC DEC AND OR 

13. Princess Sumaya University 22342 – Computer Org. & Assembly Lang. Computer Engineering Dept. 12 / 12 x86 Assembly Language  Instruction Format ●Mnemonic ●One or More Operands  Machine Code  Assembly Statement ●Label ●Instruction ●Comment Mnemonic Operands Mnemonic Operands Opcode Mode Operands Opcode Mode Operands

14. Princess Sumaya University 22342 – Computer Org. & Assembly Lang. Computer Engineering Dept. Chapter 2