1. Elements of Surveying (CEL271)
Gazala Habib
Dept. of Civil Engg.
Contact:
Room No. 303, Block-4
Phone: 1192 (Office)

2. Books Surveying by S K Duggal, Tata McGraw Hill, Vol 1
Surveying: Theory and practices, S. S Bhavikatti
Surveying and levelling by N. N Basak
Plane surveying A M Chandra
Surveying (Vol-1) by B. C. Punmia, Ashok K. Jain and Arun K. Jain

3. Laboratory Lab timing for all group: 2-4 pm (Monday-Friday)
Room Number: Block IV, 335
Contact: Mr. Rajeev Sharma (Phone: 6442)

4. Attendance policy
All students must attend all classes. Attendance record will be maintained and will be periodically uploaded through the UG web-site.
Lectures: 70 marks for attendance, surprise quizzes, homework, assignments and exams
Laboratory: 30 marks for attendance, surprise quizzes, notebook, viva
If attendance of the student is greater than 90%, result of the best three quizzes will be considered else average of all quizzes will be considered.
If a student’s attendance is less than 75%, the student will be awarded one grade less than the actual grade that he(she) has earned. For example, a student who has got A grade but has attendance less than 75% will be awarded A- grade.

5. Marks, Exam, Assignment Lectures Lab Minor 1 10 Viva Minor 2
Surprise quiz
Major 30
Notebook 5
Surprise Quiz (any number) + Assignments + Homework
Attendance >= 90%
Attendance (>=90%) + class participation (>=80% of time) means out of 10 question asked in class at least 8 should be correct

6. Attendance Policy …Contd.
If a student has a valid medical certificate (from IITD hospital or a registered medical practitioner) because of which he/she has missed an evaluation component the compensation will be decided and put on notice board.
If a student has missed any of the minors due to medical reasons or family emergency alternatives will be arranged. For example if a person misses minor-1 because of health problem he/she should produce the medical certificate immediately after re-joining the class and the re-minor will be conducted last working day of next week after minor-1.
If a student misses Major examination he should apply for an I-grade or an extended-I grade. HOD will approve I-grade based on his/her assessment of the situation. In that case examination must be conducted within 10 days of completion of the majors. Dean, UGS will award the extended-I grade and in that case examination must be conducted within the first ten working days of the next semester.

7. Marks policy
Full marks will be awarded for correct procedure and correct answer. 3/4 marks for correct procedure but wrong answer. Zero marks for wrong procedure and correct answer.
All evaluation components including Minor and Major scripts will be shown to the students. Within 7-15 days after exam along with the model answer.
The date and time for showing script will be displayed in the notice board. The schedule will be group wise.
Grading of a course will be finalized and displayed after following the process of moderation.
THEREFORE, NO INFORMATION WILL BE GIVEN ABOUT GRADING BEFORE THE MODERATION COMMITTEE’S MEETING, AND NO CHANGES WILL BE DONE ONCE THE GRADE IS DISPLAYED AFTER IMPLEMENTATION OF MODERATION COMMITTEE’S SUGGESTIONS. [PLEASE DO NOT BEG TO CHANGE THE GRADE ONCE IT IS FINILIZED AFTER MODERATION COMMITTEE’S MEETING]

8. Surveying What is surveying?
Surveying may be defined as the science of determining the position, in three dimensions, of natural and man-made features on or beneath the surface of the Earth. These features may then be represented in analog form as a contoured map, plan or chart, or in digital form as a three dimensional mathematical model stored in the computer.

9. Objective of course To understand the basic concept of surveying
Apply the surveying concept and equipments in real life
You should be able to use a set of tools to solve the problems in an optimal way
You should be able to understand the pitfalls (sources of error) to avoid them

10. Application of surveying in civil Engineering
The planning and design of all Civil Engineering projects such as construction of highways, bridges, tunnels, dams etc are based upon surveying measurements.
Project of any magnitude is constructed along the lines and points established by surveying. Thus, surveying is a basic requirement for all Civil Engineering projects.
Other principal works in which surveying is primarily utilized are
•  to fix the national and state boundaries;
•  to chart coastlines, navigable streams and lakes;
•  to establish control points
•  to execute hydrographic and oceanographic charting and mapping; and
•  to prepare topographic map of land surface of the earth.

11. Instruments… Dumpy Level Digital level Levelling Staff Tilting Level
Telescope is fixed cannot be tilted
or moved
Telescope can be tilted slightly about its horizontal axis with the help of tilting screw.
The line of collimation is made horizontal for each observation with the help of tilting screw
Instrument can be levelled automatically within a certain tilt range
Digital level

12. Levelling staff

14. Sewer Projects Firm under contract Preliminary studies
General layout map
Buildings located on general layout
Treatment site search
Preliminary paper layout
Make sure every building and potential building site can be served
Manhole system placed on general layout

15. Sewer Projects Preliminary filed work Preliminary profiles
BM system established
Manholes set
Profiles run
Basement elevations acquired
Design mapping
Final plans
Treatment area
Boundary survey
Complete topo of area

16. Sewer Projects Design process Sewer line design
Preliminary profiles drawn
Basement elevations plotted
Manholes placed on profiles
Slope between manholes computed
Problem areas – alternate service routes selected
Manholes set in field
Profiles run
Revert to 3A

17. Sewer Projects Treatment plant design Plans drafted Topo map prepared
Type system verified
Treatment system sized based on existing and projected population
System designed
Plans drafted
Sewer plans normally prepared on plan/profile sheets

18. Sewer Projects Bidding procedure
Treatment plant drawn using plan sheets and cross sections
Quantities computed
Specifications
Written instructions on how every item to be built
Include contract documents and bid proposal
Bidding procedure
Notice of bid advertised on local paper
Pre-bid meeting

19. Sewer Projects Bidding Contract awarded
Each contractor submits sealed bid
Bids opened and tabulated
Engineer reviews proposals
Engineer recommends which bid to accept
Contract awarded

20. Sewer Projects Construction As Built Surveying
Contractor required to hire surveyor for stakeout
Manholes referenced
Staking methods
Batter board method
Laser method
Measurement of quantities
As Built

21. Water distribution systems
Put under contract – water district formed
Preliminary studies
General layout prepared
Water district signs up users
Water source located
Waterlines placed on general layout
Hydraulic gradient plotted from USGS topo

22. Water distribution systems
Pump station and water storage sites
Property acquired by perpetual easement or purchased
Boundary survey performed for each site
Topo each site
Field work
Plan preparation
Normally photogrammetrically
Flight plan sent on general layout
Take photos and post measure horizontal control
Plan sheets marked on photos using template

23. Water distribution systems
Waterlines placed on plan sheets
Crossings and easements
Every location where waterline crosses paved road, railroad – has to be topo, cross sectioned, and tied to nearest stationing or milepost
Crossings plotted and permits applied for – railroads, state DOT, township and county roads
Easement descriptions prepared

24. Water distribution systems
Final design
All waterlines and appurtenances on plans, easements, acquired and in docket form, rock excavation on plans
Quantities computed
System driven to make sure nothing missed
Tanks and P.S.
Designed and sized

25. Water distribution systems
Bidding
Construction
Water distribution system
Waterline stakeout
Each easement plotted on plans
Crossings as permitted staked
Quantities
Tanks and PS
Foundation staked
Must be checked for plumb
As built

26. Architectural Projects
Firm Under contract
Preliminary fieldwork
Boundary survey
Description provided
Fieldwork
Monument search, traverse site
Compute data and analysis
Final stakeout
Easement and encroachment search
Plat of survey

27. Architectural Projects
Topo – grid method most common
Grid pattern 25’ – 100’
BM – USGS
Entire tract topo and adjacent areas to access
Utilities – nearest tied in
Include all objects above, on or below, ground
Prepare topo map
Field check map

28. Architectural Projects
Construction
Control
If large building – you may want to establish TBM’s on control Mon.
Stakeout
Convert architects dimensions to engineering
Layout clearing and excavation limits
Layout underground piping

29. Architectural Projects
Layout footings and foundations
Layout building corners and supports
Locate roads and parking areas
Locate lighting and other project extras
As built

30. Structure and Terrain Movement
Used to monitor:
Movement of buildings ( x, y, and z)
Movement of bridges
Movement of dams
Landslides and earthquakes
Amusement park rides

31. Structure and Terrain Movement
Description – error within system must be less than smallest movement to be observed
2 groups of monuments installed
Reference or control monuments
Deformation or movement monuments

32. Structure and Terrain Movement
Control – generally concrete pillars extending 3-4 feet out of ground with tribrach permanently attached
Movement monuments – for earthquake or landslide may be similar deep monuments

33. Structure and Terrain Movement
Equipment:
GPS
Turned angles
Angle/Distance
Leveling

34. Classification of surveying: Based on function
Primary division based on shape of the earth
Geodic survey: if the area surveyed is more than 1000 km2 geodic surveying must be employed
Plane survey
Classification based on function of survey
Control surveying: establishing the horizontal and vertical positions of widely spaced control points using geodic method.
Land surveying: to determine the boundaries and areas of parcel of land.
City surveying: urban planning
Topographic surveys: depiction of topography of a region. Including natural and man made features
Engineering survey: for laying out engineering projects.
Route survey: planning designing and execution of highways, railways, canals, pipelines etc.
Construction surveys: required to establish points lines, grades and for staking out engineering works after the plans have been prepared and the structural design has n=been done.

35. Classification of surveying: Based on function
Astronomic survey: are conducted for the determination of latitudes, longitudes, azimuths, local time etc. for various places by observing heavenly bodies such as suns and stars.
Geological survey: to determine the strata of the earth’s crust for geological studies.
Archaeological surveys: unearthing relics of antiquity
Mine surveys: exploration of mineral deposits, and to guide tunnelling and other operations associated with mining.
Satellite surveys: to establish intercontinental, interdatum and interisland geodic ties over the world by making satellite observations.
Military surveys: conducted for military purpose.

36. Classification of surveying: Based on instruments
Chain survey: only linear measurements are made with chain or tape no angular measurements are taken
Compass survey: horizontal angles are measured with the help of magnetic compass
Plane table survey: The map is prepared in the field itself by determining the directions of various lines making linear measurements, and plotting the details on paper using a plane table
Levelling survey: this type of survey is used to determine the elevations and relative heights of the points with the help of instrument known as level.
Theodolite survey: theodolite survey is primarily used in traversing and triangulation for providing controls. The horizontal and vertical angles are measured with the help of theodolite.
Tacheometric survey: a special type of theodolite known as tacheometer, is used to determine horizontal and vertical distances directly.
Photogrammetric survey: measurements are made with help photograph.
EDM Survey: linear measurements are made with the help of EDM instruments.

37. Principles of surveying
Fixing the points in relation to points already fixed

38. Principle of surveying
Working from whole to part:
to localize the errors and
to control the accumulation of errors.
Establish primary control points with high precision
Establish secondary and tertiary control points within the system boundary and form triangle/rectangle may be with less precision.
This will help in localizing the error and to control the propagation of error.

39. Working from whole to part

40. Errors