1. The Industrial Revolution 1700-1900

3. Setting the Scene
In the 1700s, small farms covered most of England. Wealthy landowners were buying all the small farms. They could make many improvements in farming techniques with their money, but many people were left without jobs. This is known as the “agricultural revolution”

4. Setting the Scene
Technology was changing how goods were made
Small-scale production by hand at home  large-scale production by machine in a factory
Industrialization – switch to machine production of goods

5. Activity Read the article “Before the Industrial Revolution”
Answer the 10 “Challenges” questions
Be prepared to be called on randomly!

6. Why Did it Begin in England?
Large population
Natural resources
Expanding economy
Political stability

8. Activity Read the article “Great Britain: First to Industrialize”
Using this information, answer the two questions on the back on a separate sheet of paper
These will be collected so make sure to put your name on your answer sheet!

9. Factors of Production: Land
Water power & coal = fuel for machines
Iron ore = construct machines, tools, and buildings
Rivers = inland transportation
Harbors = shipping

10. Factors of Production: Labor
Unemployed farmers needed new jobs
People were willing to move to cities to work in factories

11. Factors of Production: Capital
Capital = wealth
Business people wanted to invest money
Banks gave out loans to businesses

13. Textiles Change First
Cottage industry: people created goods by hand in their own homes
Making cloth had been a cottage industry
With new technology, cloth is made faster and cheaper in factories

14. Activity: The Textile Industry
Read the article and answer the accompanying questions
Be prepared to randomly be called on!

15. Activity: The Life of a Textile Worker
Read the two personal accounts of life as a textile worker
Answer the four questions on the bottom

16. Improvements in Transportation
James Watt’s Steam Engine
Cheap, convenient power
Water Transportation
Steamboats
Canal systems
Road Transportation
Large rocks on bottom and small on top – helped drain water

17. Railroads Revolutionize Life
Cheaper way to transport goods
Created jobs for railroad workers and miners
Made travel easier – people could travel for work
Steam Engine

18. Comparing Viewpoints Activity
In this activity, you will read two different viewpoints on the impact that industrialization had on society
On a separate sheet of paper, answer the three questions on the bottom

19. 1850: Population Living in Cities
Urban Growth
Urbanization: the building of cities and the movement of people to cities
1850: Population Living in Cities

21. Activity: Why England?
In this activity, we will be analyzing a number of sources to answer the question “Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in England”
For each of the sources, there is an accompanying question. Read through each and answer the question.

22. Living Conditions in Cities
Not enough housing, schools, or police
Streets had no drains, garbage piled up
Whole families lived in dark, dirty one room “apartments”
Disease was widespread

23. Working Conditions 14 hour work days, 6 days a week
Dirty, poorly lit factories led to injuries
Children as young as 6 work in factories
Many coal miners killed by coal dust
In addition, they were subject to various kinds of discipline:
The closing of factory gates to late workers
Fines for tardiness
Dismissal for drunkenness
Public censure for poor quality workmanship
Beatings for non-submissiveness

24. Activity
“Hazardous Duty – Factory Work During the Industrial Revolution”
Use the reading to answer the multiple choice questions

26. Class Tensions Grow
Middle Class = factory owners, skilled workers, professionals, business people, wealthy farmers
New social class
Had most of the money
Looked down on by the upper class
Working class = factory workers, laborers
Poorest group
During the century, factory workers underwent a process of proletarianization (i.e., they lost control of the means of production
Factory owners provided the financial capital to construct the factory, to purchase the machinery, and to secure the raw materials.
The factory workers merely exchanged their labor for wages.

27. Reforming Society Workers started getting involved in politics
Created labor unions
Unions represented all the workers in a particular trade
Engaged in collective bargaining with employers
If employers didn’t agree, workers would strike (refuse to work)

28. Creating Unions
Skilled workers created the first unions – harder to replace in workforce
Was a very tough process
England – unions/going on strike illegal
Eventually governments look into the awful conditions
Most obvious were child labor problems

29. Effects of the Revolution
Creates jobs, enriches nation, encourages technological progress
Increases production of goods, raises standard of living, gives people hope of improving their lives
Education expands, clothing becomes cheaper, diet and housing improve

30. Protecting the Revolution
Great Britain did not want to share the secrets of industrialization
To protect these secrets, they FORBADE engineers, toolmakers, and mechanics from leaving the country

31. JIGSAW

32. Writing an Editorial
Congratulations! You’ve been promoted to Editor for the London Times
Using the information that you gathered during the jigsaw, you will be writing a editorial arguing whether or not the Industrial Revolution improved life in England and how to fix some of the existing problems

36. Industrial Revolution Project
Let’s play tic-tac-toe!
For this project you get to choose what aspects you would like to focus on!
You must pick THREE topics – these can go across, up and down, or diagonally

37. Evolving Economic Theories

38. Mercantilism: The Old Theory

39. Mercantilism: The Old Theory
Main idea: MONEY = POWER
Import (buy from another country) as little as possible
Export (sell to another country) as much as possible
Needed colonies to make this system work
Had been the most popular economy
Great Britain, Spain, & France were major powers that used this economic theory
A nation’s power was directly related to its wealth
Colonies=important because they provided cheap raw materials, paid taxes to the home country, and were a market for the finished goods

40. ACTIVITY Read the information sheet about your theory
Individually list what you think are the most important parts of the theory
With the other students who have your theory answer these questions (you’re turning these in!):
How would you summarize your theory?
What are advantages to your theory?
What might be some disadvantages to your theory?
After about minutes, we will jigsaw!

41. Make sure to put your name on your paper!
Your Opinion
On a sheet on paper, using your notes from today, answer the question below:
Which theory do you think sounds best or worst? Which kind would you want to use if you could choose? WHY?
Make sure to put your name on your paper!
IT IS BEING COLLECTED!
Today not very many countries use one theory or another, unless it uses capitalism.
Socialism and communism today, often do not control all of the means of production or they produce goods for worldwide market, such as China.
China is open to foreign investment and has moved from a planned socialist economy to what they term socialist market economy

42. Let’s Review…

43. Capitalism (Theory A)
Individuals have the right to own private property and businesses
Government should protect these rights
Gov’t should stay out of the economy (laissez-faire)
Owner can choose what to make, how much to make, and what price to sell at
Adam Smith and the Enlightenment
Individuals have the right to own their own property, which means they can own & operate their own businesses
Because the government protects these rights and does not control property or businesses, this economic theory can also be called laissez-faire economics.

44. Capitalism (Theory A) Economy based on competition Prices often lower
Example: when only AT&T carried the iPhone, they could charge whatever they wanted
When Verizon began carrying the iPhone, AT&T had to drop their prices
Items probably of better quality
Why buy something that isn’t made well if you can get a better item somewhere else?

45. Capitalism (Theory A) Based on supply and demand
Make products based on what and how much buyers want
Gov’t might have to step in if a company creates a monopoly
Too much control over one industry = less competition

46. Sound Familiar?
Think back to the Enlightenment and Adam Smith!

48. Socialism (Theory B) Cooperation instead of competition
Government controls all means of production
Picks what to make and how much to make
Supply and demand doesn’t exist
Govt controlling all the means of production is the basic principle of theory b
What do we know about promises?

49. Socialism (Theory B)
A government using socialism might promise the people:
Economic equality
No more poverty
Decent houses
Good working conditions
These things help those previous promises

51. ACTIVITY
In your notebook, compare the similarities and differences between capitalism and socialism

52. Communism (Theory C) Many similarities with socialism
Equality of the people
Not a big difference between rich and poor
The people should control the means of production
Government technically owns everything, but the people run the gov’t, not politicians
Theory B will take too long to implement
Why would wealthy people be a big problem to changing an economy?
What does the economy focus on? What do wealthy people have a lot of?

53. Communism (Theory C) Cooperation not competition
People’s government decides what goods to produce and how much
No supply and demand
The major difference between Theory B and Theory C is
THEORY B BELIEVES THE GOVERNMENT SHOULD CONTROL ALL OF THE MEANS OF PRODUCTION
THEORY C BELIEVES THE PEOPLE SHOULD REVOLT, PUT THEMSELVES IN POWER/GOVERNMENT, THEN TAKE CONTROL OF ALL THE MEANS OF PRODUCTION

54. ACTIVITY Capitalism vs. Communism Identifying Characteristics
Review each of the characteristics listed on the sheet
Place each on in the proper economic category

56. Communism (Theory C) Karl Marx- German journalist
Fredrich Engels – German, father owns textile mill
The Communist Manifesto
Society is divided into warring classes
Capitalism helps the “haves” (employers/bourgeoisie)
Hurts the “have-nots” (workers/proletariat)
Predict workers will overthrow owners

57. TIME TO STUDY!