1. United Nations Peacekeeping Methods

2. 1991 Slovenia declares its independence 1991 Croatia declares its independence Short war with Serbia 1992 Bosnia- Herzegovina declares its independence Civil war breaks out between Serbs, Croats and Muslims till 1995 1991-2 Macedonia declares its independence New name agreed on after Greek objections 2003 Union of Serbia and Montenegro created from Former Yugoslavia. 1999 Serbia defeated by NATO in war over Kosovo 1995 Bosnia divided into two entities with central government. 2006 Montenegro declares its independence from Union. 2008 Kosovo declares its independence from Serbia

3. Background to conflict  Yugoslavia:  Formed post WW1  Many of the countries did not share the same language, culture or religion  After death of Communist leader Tito different groups tried to take control and the area moved towards civil war.

4. Background to conflict  Bosnia:  Split between different ethnic groups, Bosnia Muslims, Serbs and Croats.  Muslims and Croats voted for independence but Bosnia Serbs were against this.  Wars lasted for 3 years and many atrocities were inflicted on both sides.

5. Arms Embargo  This prevents the selling of weapons to people who are at war. It stops soldiers getting the military equipment they need to continue fighting.  This was used in the Bosnian civil war (1992-5)

6. Trade Sanctions  These prevent a country from buying goods from and selling goods to other countries. This weakens the country’s economy.  Sanctions were used against Iraq from 1991 to 2003.

7. Ceasefires  These are called to stop fighting between the warring groups. They allow the people involved in a war to calm down and think about a peaceful solution.  Ceasefires were used in the Bosnian civil war to stop fighting between Serbs, Croats and Muslims.

8. Peacekeeping Soldiers  These are sent to keep the peace between the sides involved in a war. Peacekeepers can also help with the distribution of humanitarian aid.  Peacekeepers were used in Bosnia to protect aid and people living in safe areas.

9. Peace Talks  These are held to stop the fighting. Often sides will not get what they want and may have to compromise to reach an agreement.  Peace talks were held to resolve the conflict in Bosnia on four different occasions between 1992 and 1995.

10. Safe Areas  These are places inside a country where people can go to escape from a war. Safe areas reduce the number of refugees fleeing to other countries.  The UN set up 6 safe areas in Bosnia.

11. Military Action  This may be necessary if other peacekeeping methods have failed. This would involve armed forces taking action to stop a war.  Military action was taken against Iraq in 1991 and 2003.

12. UN ’ s Role in Bosnia Military Threats Sanctions- Trade and diplomatic Negotiations- Peace Plan Oct. 1992 UN forces protected aid conveys

13. The UN can ask member countries to stop dealing arms and munitions with countries who are involved in conflict The UN can ask member countries to stop dealing arms and munitions with countries who are involved in conflict The UN can send a delegation to investigate a conflict and then report back to the Security Council. The UN can send a delegation to investigate a conflict and then report back to the Security Council. The UN can ask member states to stop trading with a country The UN can ask member states to stop trading with a country UN officials can patrol a ceasefire area between countries which are engaged in conflict. UN officials can patrol a ceasefire area between countries which are engaged in conflict. UN can provide food aid to areas affected by civil war or conflict. UN can provide food aid to areas affected by civil war or conflict. UN can investigate war crimes and put people on trial. UN can investigate war crimes and put people on trial.  The UN can invade a country and remove governments from power.  The UN can use air strikes against a country to stop war.  UN troops can aid one country in military action against another.  Some member countries votes are worth more than others in the General Assembly.