1. End Show Slide 1 of 36 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Biology

2. End Show Slide 2 of 36 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 23–2 Roots

3. End Show 23–2 Roots Slide 3 of 36 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Types of Roots What are the two main types of roots? Types of Roots

4. End Show 23–2 Roots Slide 4 of 36 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The two main types of roots are: taproots, which are found mainly in dicots, and fibrous roots, which are found mainly in monocots. Types of Roots

5. End Show 23–2 Roots Slide 5 of 36 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall In some plants, the primary root grows long and thick. This primary root is called a taproot. A carrot is an example of a taproot. Taproot Fibrous Roots Types of Roots

6. End Show 23–2 Roots Slide 6 of 36 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Fibrous roots branch to such an extent that no single root grows larger than the rest. Fibrous roots are found in grasses. Types of Roots Fibrous Roots

7. End Show 23–2 Roots Slide 7 of 36 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Root Structure and Growth Roots contain cells from dermal, vascular, and ground tissue.

8. End Show 23–2 Roots Slide 8 of 36 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Root Structure and Growth What are the main tissues in a mature root?

9. End Show 23–2 Roots Slide 9 of 36 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Root Structure and Growth A mature root has an outside layer, the epidermis, and a central cylinder of vascular tissue. Between these two tissues lies a large area of ground tissue. The root system plays a key role in water and mineral transport.

10. End Show 23–2 Roots Slide 10 of 36 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Root Structure and Growth The root’s surface is covered with cellular projections called root hairs. Root hairs provide a large surface area through which water can enter the plant. Root hairs

11. End Show 23–2 Roots Slide 11 of 36 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Root Structure and Growth The epidermis protects the root and absorbs water. Epidermis

12. End Show 23–2 Roots Slide 12 of 36 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Root Structure and Growth Inside the epidermis is a layer of ground tissue called the cortex. Ground tissue (cortex)

13. End Show 23–2 Roots Slide 13 of 36 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Root Structure and Growth The cortex extends to another layer of cells, the endodermis. The endodermis completely encloses the vascular cylinder. Endodermis

14. End Show 23–2 Roots Slide 14 of 36 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Root Structure and Growth The vascular cylinder is the central region of a root that includes the xylem and phloem. Vascular cylinder Phloem Xylem

15. End Show 23–2 Roots Slide 15 of 36 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Root Structure and Growth Roots grow in length as their apical meristem produces new cells near the root tip. Apical meristem

16. End Show 23–2 Roots Slide 16 of 36 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Root Structure and Growth These new cells are covered by the root cap that protects the root as it forces its way through the soil. Root cap Apical meristem

17. End Show 23–2 Roots Slide 17 of 36 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Root Functions What are the different functions of roots?

18. End Show 23–2 Roots Slide 18 of 36 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Root Functions Roots anchor a plant in the ground and absorb water and dissolved nutrients from the soil.

19. End Show 23–2 Roots Slide 19 of 36 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Root Functions Uptake of Plant Nutrients To grow, flower, and produce seeds, plants need a variety of inorganic nutrients in addition to carbon dioxide and water.

20. End Show 23–2 Roots Slide 20 of 36 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Root Functions The most important nutrients plants need include: nitrogen phosphorus potassium magnesium calcium

21. End Show 23–2 Roots Slide 21 of 36 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Root Functions Active Transport of Minerals The cell membranes of root hairs and other cells in the root epidermis contain active transport proteins.

22. End Show 23–2 Roots Slide 22 of 36 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Root Functions Transport proteins use ATP to pump mineral ions from the soil into the plant. Root hairs

23. End Show 23–2 Roots Slide 23 of 36 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Root Functions The high concentration of mineral ions in the plant cells causes water molecules to move into the plant by osmosis.

24. End Show 23–2 Roots Slide 24 of 36 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Root Functions Movement Into the Vascular Cylinder Osmosis and active transport move water and minerals from the root epidermis into the cortex. The water and dissolved minerals pass the inner boundary of the cortex and enter the endodermis.

25. End Show 23–2 Roots Slide 25 of 36 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Root Functions The endodermis is composed of many individual cells. Endodermis

26. End Show 23–2 Roots Slide 26 of 36 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Root Functions Each cell is surrounded on four sides by a waterproof strip called a Casparian strip. Casparian strip

27. End Show 23–2 Roots Slide 27 of 36 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Root Functions The Casparian strip prevents the backflow of water out of the vascular cylinder into the root cortex.

28. End Show 23–2 Roots Slide 28 of 36 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Root Functions Water moves into the vascular cylinder by osmosis. Because water and minerals cannot pass through the Casparian strip, once they pass through the endodermis, they are trapped in the vascular cylinder. As a result, there is a one-way passage of materials into the vascular cylinder in plant roots.

29. End Show 23–2 Roots Slide 29 of 36 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Root Functions Root Pressure As minerals are pumped into the vascular cylinder, more and more water follows by osmosis, producing a strong pressure. This root pressure forces water through the vascular cylinder and into the xylem.

30. End Show 23–2 Roots Slide 30 of 36 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Root Functions As more water moves from the cortex into the vascular cylinder, more water in the xylem is forced upward through the root into the stem. Root pressure is the starting point for movement of water through the vascular system of the entire plant.

31. End Show - or - Continue to: Click to Launch: Slide 31 of 36 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 23–2

32. End Show Slide 32 of 36 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 23–2 Taproots are more common than fibrous roots in a.monocots. b.dicots. c.neither monocots or dicots. d.both dicots and monocots.

33. End Show Slide 33 of 36 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 23–2 The cells in a root that divide are found in the a.apical meristem. b.epidermis. c.endodermis. d.vascular cylinder.

34. End Show Slide 34 of 36 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 23–2 The tough layer of cells that covers the root tip is called the a.vascular cylinder. b.root cap. c.ground tissue. d.apical meristem.

35. End Show Slide 35 of 36 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 23–2 Xylem and phloem are found in the a.epidermis. b.endodermis. c.apical meristem. d.vascular cylinder.

36. End Show Slide 36 of 36 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 23–2 Roots absorb minerals from the surrounding soil by a.diffusion. b.active transport. c.passive transport. d.root pressure.

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