1. GERUNDS 1. AS A NOUN: (subject or object) Swimming is a very good form of exercise. I have some shopping to do this afternoon.

2. 2. AFTER A PREPOSITION Touch your shoes without bending your knees. Switch it on by pressing the button.

3. 3.AFTER CERTAIN VERBS: admit, appreciate, avoid, consider, delay, deny detest, discuss, dislike, enjoy, fancy, finish, imagine, involve, keep (on), mention, mind, miss, postpone, practise, prefer, quit, recall, resent, resist, risk, tolerate etc. * Verbs underlined can also take a that-clause. * Mind can also go with an if-clause.

4. 4. AFTER VERB + (someone) PREPOSITION He accused her of stealing the money. insist on blame someone for apologize (to someone) for congratulate someone on boast about think of/about complain (to someone) about look forward to object to end up forgive someone for excuse someone for prevent someone from succeed in give up put off etc. + -ing

5. 5. AFTER ADJECTIVE + PREPOSITION: Helen is excited about studying abroad. be interested in be excited about be good at be bad at be bored with be fed up with be fond of be tired of be keen on be proud of be sorry for * be afraid of * + -ing

6. 6.AFTER CERTAIN EXPRESSIONS: be/get accustomed to be/ get used to be busy can’t stand can’t help feel like have difficulty (in) spend time/money waste time/money + -ing

7. How about …? What about …? It’s no good It’s no use It’s worth It’s a waste of time There is no point in find/catch someone smell something + - ing