1. Names, Concepts, Codes and Lots of Confusion Names, Concepts, Codes and Lots of Confusion An Introduction to Taxonomic Names of Organisms An Introduction to Taxonomic Names of Organisms Richard L. Pyle Bishop Museum, Honolulu Taxonomic Databases Working Group Fremantle, 19 October 2008 Richard L. Pyle Bishop Museum, Honolulu Taxonomic Databases Working Group Fremantle, 19 October 2008

2. Taxonomy is... “The perpetual re-classification of mis-named species.” “A necessary evil.” - Randall Kosaki

3. Images: Biodiversity Heritage Library

4. Image: Wikimedia Commons Carolus Linnaeus 1707-1778 Carolus Linnaeus 1707-1778 Image: Biodiversity Heritage Library

5. Codes of Nomenclature Governs scientific names of animals First established in 1895 Fixes 1 January 1758 as official start (Linnaeus’ Systema Naturae) Governed by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) Managed by a Secretariat Updated as needed (currently 4 th Edition; 5 th Edition in early drafting stage) Governs scientific names of animals First established in 1895 Fixes 1 January 1758 as official start (Linnaeus’ Systema Naturae) Governed by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) Managed by a Secretariat Updated as needed (currently 4 th Edition; 5 th Edition in early drafting stage) International Code of Zoological Nomenclature Governs scientific names of plants and fungi First established in 1867, and formalized in 1930 Fixes 1 May 1753 as official start (Linnaeus’ Species Plantarum) Governed by the International Botanical Congress (IBC) Managed by the International Association for Plant Taxonomy Updated every 6 years at the IBC (currently 2006 Vienna Code; next edition 2011) Governs scientific names of plants and fungi First established in 1867, and formalized in 1930 Fixes 1 May 1753 as official start (Linnaeus’ Species Plantarum) Governed by the International Botanical Congress (IBC) Managed by the International Association for Plant Taxonomy Updated every 6 years at the IBC (currently 2006 Vienna Code; next edition 2011) International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria (ICNB) International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Governs scientific names of bacteria Initial bacteriological code in 1947 discarded, and ICNB established in 1980 Fixes 1 January 1980 as official start Governed by the International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes (ICSP) Governs scientific names of bacteria Initial bacteriological code in 1947 discarded, and ICNB established in 1980 Fixes 1 January 1980 as official start Governed by the International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes (ICSP) International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP) International Society for Phylogenetic Nomenclature (ISPN)

6. Why all the Fuss? Better Communication! Multiple Names for the Same Organism (Synonyms) Pomacanthus imperator Holacanthus bishopi

7. Why all the Fuss? Better Communication! Multiple Names for the Same Organism (Synonyms) Same Name for Multiple Organisms (Homonyms) Pomacanthus imperator = Holacanthus bishopi Pomacanthus imperator = Holacanthus bishopi Centropyge flavissima

8. Why all the Fuss? Better Communication! Multiple Names for the Same Organism (Synonyms) Same Name for Multiple Organisms (Homonyms) Pomacanthus imperator = Holacanthus bishopi Pomacanthus imperator = Holacanthus bishopi Centropyge flavissima Centropyge heraldi = Centropyge flavissima Centropyge heraldi = Centropyge flavissima

9. What’s In a Name? Anthias Pseudanthias Anthias (Pseudanthias) Anthias ventralis Anthias hawaiiensis Anthias (Pseudanthias) ventralis Anthias (Pseudanthias) hawaiiensis Pseudanthias ventralis Pseudanthias hawaiiensis Pseudanthias ventralis ventralis Pseudanthias ventralis hawaiiensis Pseudanthias (Pseudanthias) ventralis ventralis Pseudanthias (Pseudanthias) ventralis hawaiiensis Anthias Pseudanthias Anthias (Pseudanthias) Anthias ventralis Anthias hawaiiensis Anthias (Pseudanthias) ventralis Anthias (Pseudanthias) hawaiiensis Pseudanthias ventralis Pseudanthias hawaiiensis Pseudanthias ventralis ventralis Pseudanthias ventralis hawaiiensis Pseudanthias (Pseudanthias) ventralis ventralis Pseudanthias (Pseudanthias) ventralis hawaiiensis “Name” as Text String: 13 “Name” sensu Zoology: 4 Anthias Pseudanthias ventralis hawaiiensis Anthias Pseudanthias ventralis hawaiiensis What Is a Name? “Name” sensu Botany: 9

10. The Concept of Authorship Anthias ventralis Randall 1979 Anthias hawaiiensis Lubbock 1985 Anthias ventralis Randall 1979 Anthias hawaiiensis Lubbock 1985 Pseudanthias ventralis (Randall 1979) Pseudanthias hawaiiensis (Lubbock 1985) Pseudanthias ventralis (Randall 1979) Pseudanthias hawaiiensis (Lubbock 1985) In Zoology: Anthias ventralis Rand. Anthias hawaiiensis Lub. Anthias ventralis Rand. Anthias hawaiiensis Lub. Pseudanthias ventralis (Rand.) R.Pyle Pseudanthias hawaiiensis (Lub.) R.Pyle Pseudanthias ventralis (Rand.) R.Pyle Pseudanthias hawaiiensis (Lub.) R.Pyle In Botany: Anthias ventralis Randall 1979 ex Thompson Anthias ventralis Thomp. ex Rand.

11. Infraspecifc Ranks Anthias ventralis Randall 1979 Anthias hawaiiensis Lubbock 1985 Anthias ventralis Randall 1979 Anthias hawaiiensis Lubbock 1985 Pseudanthias ventralis (Randall 1979) Pseudanthias hawaiiensis (Lubbock 1985) Pseudanthias ventralis (Randall 1979) Pseudanthias hawaiiensis (Lubbock 1985) In Zoology: Anthias ventralis Rand. Anthias hawaiiensis Lub. Anthias ventralis Rand. Anthias hawaiiensis Lub. Pseudanthias ventralis (Rand.) R.Pyle Pseudanthias hawaiiensis (Lub.) R.Pyle Pseudanthias ventralis (Rand.) R.Pyle Pseudanthias hawaiiensis (Lub.) R.Pyle In Botany: Anthias ventralis Randall 1979 ex Thompson 1950 Anthias ventralis Thomp. ex Rand. Anthias ventralis hawaiiensis Lubbock 1985 Anthias ventralis subsp. hawaiiensis (Lub.) J.Smith Anthias ventralis var. hawaiiensis (Lub.) B.Jones Anthias ventralis subsp. hawaiiensis var. typus (Br.) Rand. Anthias ventralis subsp. typus (Br.) R.Pyle Anthias hawaiiensis subsp. typus (L.) R.Pyle Anthias ventralis subsp. hawaiiensis (Lub.) J.Smith Anthias ventralis var. hawaiiensis (Lub.) B.Jones Anthias ventralis subsp. hawaiiensis var. typus (Br.) Rand. Anthias ventralis subsp. typus (Br.) R.Pyle Anthias hawaiiensis subsp. typus (L.) R.Pyle

12. The Concept of Basionym Anthias ventralis Randall 1979 Anthias hawaiiensis Lubbock 1985 Anthias ventralis Randall 1979 Anthias hawaiiensis Lubbock 1985 Pseudanthias ventralis (Randall 1979) Pseudanthias hawaiiensis (Lubbock 1985) Pseudanthias ventralis (Randall 1979) Pseudanthias hawaiiensis (Lubbock 1985) In Zoology: Anthias ventralis Rand. Anthias hawaiiensis Lub. Anthias ventralis Rand. Anthias hawaiiensis Lub. Pseudanthias ventralis (Rand.) R.Pyle Pseudanthias hawaiiensis (Lub.) R.Pyle Pseudanthias ventralis (Rand.) R.Pyle Pseudanthias hawaiiensis (Lub.) R.Pyle In Botany:

13. More Confusing Differences “Available” In Zoology: Anthias ventralis Randall 1979 = Anthias hawaiiensis Lubbock 1985 Anthias ventralis Randall 1979 = Anthias hawaiiensis Lubbock 1985 Pseudanthias ventralis (Rand.) R.Pyle = Anthias ventralis Rand. = Anthias hawaiiensis Lub. Pseudanthias ventralis (Rand.) R.Pyle = Anthias ventralis Rand. = Anthias hawaiiensis Lub. In Botany: “Validly Published” “Valid” “Correct Name” “Junior Synonym” “Senior Synonym” “Homotypic Synonym” “Heteroptypic Synonym”

14. The World of Taxonomy The Real World The World of Taxonomy The Real World Holacanthus fisheri Snyder 1904 SEC Snyder 1904 Holacanthus fisheri Snyder 1904 HOLOTYPE: USNM 50881 Holacanthus fisheri Snyder 1904 HOLOTYPE: USNM 50881

15. Holacanthus acanthops Norman 1922 SEC Norman 1922 Holacanthus fisheri Snyder 1904 HOLOTYPE: USNM 50881 Holacanthus fisheri Snyder 1904 HOLOTYPE: USNM 50881 Holacanthus acanthops Norman 1922 HOLOTYPE: BMNH 1922.1.13.38 Holacanthus acanthops Norman 1922 HOLOTYPE: BMNH 1922.1.13.38

16. Xiphypops fisheri (Snyder 1904) SEC Jordan 1922 = Holacanthus fisheri Snyder 1904 SEC Snyder 1904 Xiphypops Jordan 1922 TYPE SPECIES: Holacanthus fisheri Snyder 1904 Xiphypops Jordan 1922 TYPE SPECIES: Holacanthus fisheri Snyder 1904 Holacanthus fisheri Snyder 1904 HOLOTYPE: USNM 50881 Holacanthus fisheri Snyder 1904 HOLOTYPE: USNM 50881 Xiphypops fisheri (Snyder 1904) Holacanthus acanthops Norman 1922 HOLOTYPE: BMNH 1922.1.13.38 Holacanthus acanthops Norman 1922 HOLOTYPE: BMNH 1922.1.13.38

17. Holacanthus fisheri Snyder 1904 HOLOTYPE: USNM 50881 Holacanthus fisheri Snyder 1904 HOLOTYPE: USNM 50881 Holacanthus acanthops Norman 1922 HOLOTYPE: BMNH 1922.1.13.38 Holacanthus acanthops Norman 1922 HOLOTYPE: BMNH 1922.1.13.38 Centropyge flavicauda Fraser-Brunner 1933 HOLOTYPE: BMNH 1894.4.24.4 Centropyge flavicauda Fraser-Brunner 1933 HOLOTYPE: BMNH 1894.4.24.4 Xiphypops fisheri (Snyder 1904) Centropyge acanthops (Norman 1922) Centropyge fisheri (Snyder 1904) Centropyge flavicauda Fraser-Brunner 1933 SEC Fraser-Brunner 1933 Centropyge fisheri (Snyder 1904) SEC Fraser-Brunner 1933 = Holacanthus fisheri Snyder 1904 SEC Snyder 1904 = Xiphypops fisheri (Snyder 1904) SEC Jordan 1922 Centropyge acanthops (Norman 1922) SEC Fraser-Brunner 1933 = Holacanthus acanthops Norman 1922 SEC Norman 1922

18. Holacanthus fisheri Snyder 1904 HOLOTYPE: USNM 50881 Holacanthus fisheri Snyder 1904 HOLOTYPE: USNM 50881 Holacanthus acanthops Norman 1922 HOLOTYPE: BMNH 1922.1.13.38 Holacanthus acanthops Norman 1922 HOLOTYPE: BMNH 1922.1.13.38 Centropyge flavicauda Fraser-Brunner 1933 HOLOTYPE: BMNH 1894.4.24.4 Centropyge flavicauda Fraser-Brunner 1933 HOLOTYPE: BMNH 1894.4.24.4 Xiphypops fisheri (Snyder 1904) Centropyge acanthops (Norman 1922) Centropyge fisheri (Snyder 1904) Centropyge fisheri (Snyder 1904) SEC Pyle 2003 > Holacanthus fisheri Snyder 1904 SEC Snyder 1904 > Xiphypops fisheri (Snyder 1904) SEC Jordan 1922 > Centropyge fisheri (Snyder 1904) SEC Fraser-Brunner 1933 > Centropyge flavicauda Fraser-Brunner 1933 SEC Fraser-Brunner 1933 = Centropyge fisheri (Snyder 1904) SEC Fraser-Brunner 1933 + Centropyge flavicauda Fraser-Brunner 1933 SEC Fraser-Brunner 1933 Centropyge acanthops (Norman 1922) SEC Pyle 2003 = Holacanthus acanthops Norman 1922 SEC Norman 1922 = Centropyge acanthops (Norman 1922) SEC Fraser-Brunner 1933

19. CatIDFamilyGenusSpeciesAuthorDet.Det. DateCollectoretc... 1234LabridaeCorisgaimardSmithRandall1967-03-24Basabe 4321ScaridaeScarussordidusJonesPyle2004-04-07Tanaka 5678SerranidaeAnthiasventralisBrownSuzumoto1978-12-14Jones 8675DasyatidaeDasyatislataLinnaeusBowen1903-01-03Jordan 3210LabridaeCorisgaimardSmithJER1967-03-24Basabe 3456ScaridaeScarussordidusJonesPyle2004-07-04Tanaka 9876SerranidaeAnthiasventralisLubbockCulp1985-04-10Earle 6789DasyatidaeDasyatislatusL.Ohara2005-03-20Evermann NameIDFamilyGenusSpeciesAuthor 12121LabridaeCorisgaimardSmith 98989ScaridaeScarussordidusJones 45454SerranidaeAnthiasventralisBrown 23232DasyatidaeDasyatislataLinnaeus Specimen Database Taxon Names and Databases Taxon Name Authority

20. CatIDNameIDDet.Det. DateCollectoretc... 123412121Randall1967-03-24Basabe 432198989Pyle2004-04-07Tanaka 567845454Suzumoto1978-12-14Jones 867523232Bowen1903-01-03Jordan 321012121JER1967-03-24Basabe 345698989Pyle2004-07-04Tanaka 987645454Culp1985-04-10Earle 678923232Ohara2005-03-20Evermann NameIDFamilyGenusSpeciesAuthor 12121LabridaeCorisgaimardSmith 98989ScaridaeScarussordidusJones 45454SerranidaeAnthiasventralisBrown 23232DasyatidaeDasyatislataLinnaeus Specimen Database Taxon Name Authority Taxon Names and Databases

21. CatIDCollectoretc... 1234Basabe 4321Tanaka 5678Jones 8675Jordan 3210Basabe 3456Tanaka 9876Earle 6789Evermann NameIDFamilyGenusSpeciesAuthor 12121LabridaeCorisgaimardSmith 98989ScaridaeScarussordidusJones 45454SerranidaeAnthiasventralisBrown 23232DasyatidaeDasyatislataLinnaeus Specimen Database Taxon Name Authority CatIDDet.Det. DateNameID 1234Randall1967-03-2412121 4321Pyle2004-04-0798989 5678Suzumoto1978-12-1445454 5678Bowen1903-01-0323232 5678Randall1967-03-2445454 5678Pyle2004-04-0798989 Determination Taxon Names and Databases

22. 1 1 4 4 3 3 2 2 Publications Taxon Concepts Taxon Names 1 Snyder 1904 2 Norman 1922 3 Jordan 1922 PID Citation CID NID PID Full Name 10 1 1 Holacanthus fisheri Snyder 1904 1 fisheri Snyder NID NameElement 11 2 2 Holacanthus acanthops Norman 1922 2 acanthops Norman 12 1 3 Xiphypops fisheri Snyder 1904 4 Fra.-Br. 1933 3 flavicauda Fra.-Br. 13 3 4 Centropyge flavicauda Fra.-Br. 1933 14 1 4 Centropyge fisheri (Snyder 1904) 15 2 4 Centropyge acanthops (Norman 1922) 5 Shen 1973 4 caudoxanthourus Shen. 16 4 5 Centropyge caudoxanthourus Shen 1973 6 Allen 1980 17 3 6 Centropyge flavicauda Fra.-Br. 1933 18 4 6 =Centropyge caudoxanthourus Shen 1973 7 Smith 1985 19 3 7 Centropyge flavicauda Fra.-Br. 1933 8 Pyle 2003 20 1 8 Centropyge fisheri (Snyder 1904) 21 2 8 =Centropyge flavicauda Fra.-Br. 1933 22 3 8 =Centropyge caudoxanthourus Shen 1973 23 4 8 Centropyge acanthops (Norman 1922) 9 Schindler, 2004 24 1 9 Centropyge fisheri (Snyder 1904) fisheri caudoxanthorus flavicauda acanthops

23. CatIDCollectoretc... 1234Basabe 4321Tanaka 5678Jones 8675Jordan 3210Basabe 3456Tanaka 9876Earle 6789Evermann Specimen Database Specimen Database Taxon Concept Authority CatIDDet.Det. DateConceptID 1234Randall1967-03-2412121 4321Pyle2004-04-0798989 5678Suzumoto1978-12-1445454 5678Bowen1903-01-0323232 5678Randall1967-03-2445454 5678Pyle2004-04-0798989 Determination ConceptIDParentIDPubIDRankNameStringetc... 91827246806767FamilyLabridae Linnaeus SEC Lacépède 58585135796767FamilyScaridae Linnaeus SEC Lacépède 72727975316767FamilySerranidae Lacépède SEC Lacépède 58392864206767FamilyDasyatidae Lacépède SEC Lacépède 44444918279898GenusCoris Linnaeus SEC Linnaeus 77777585859898GenusScarus Linnaeus SEC Linnaeus 99999727279898GenusAnthias Linnaeus SEC Linnaeus 11111583929898GenusDasyatis Linnaeus SEC Linnaeus 12121444445050SpeciesCoris gaimard Smith SEC Smith 98989777773333SpeciesScarus sordidus Jones SEC Randall 45454999992222SpeciesAnthias ventralis Brown SEC Pyle 23232111112222SpeciesDasyatis lata Linnaeus SEC Pyle PubIDAuthorYearTitleetc... 9898Linnaeus1758Systema Naturae per regna tria... 6767Lacépède1802Histoire naturelle des poissons... 3333Randall1978A revision of the labroid fishes... 2222Pyle2003Systematics and biogeography... 4455Brown1952A new species of basslet in the.... 1818Jones1967Parrotfishes of the western Indian... 5050Smith2000Phylogenetic analysis of the... Publication Authority