1. Structure and Composition of Edges in Boreal Forest Qinglin Li

2. Objectives To address the spatial and temporal pattern of the edge influence under different models To address the concepts of modeling approaches in edge effects

3. Methods Critical values model –T-test: Buffering Model –60 meters from the edge

4. Methods: Sampling design (0, 5, 10, 20, 40, 60, 100, 150, and 200): 20m x 5m for trees, subplots 2m x 2m for shrub, and three 0.5m x 0.5m for herb Data collected: Late to June to mid- August Data analysis: Critical values model Critical Values Model

5. Data table Back>

6. The Reference Information

7. The Field Data Input

8. Outputs:

9. Table 1 Results

10. Proposing hypotheses Secondary composition responses start later than primary and secondary structure responses to edge influence, and DEI for secondary responses extends farther into the interior forest than for primary responses.

11. Buffering Model Distance selection Pre-processing (Modified neighborhood)

12. Conceptual Design 1 a 2 4 1 c 2 3 b b a Illustrating multiple edges effects to patch type 4. (1, 2, 3, and 4 illustrating four distinct patch types. a-c. the area of edge influence of patch type 4 by one neighbor; the dark area represents the area of edge influence of patch type 4 by two or over two neighbors.)

13. Landsat TM land cover map (2001, Bresee et al. in review) for the study area, Chequamegon National Forest, WI, USA. A subscene with mature hardwood patch and its area of multiple edge influence by neighbor patches (60 meters buffer).

14. RP & JP to AMEI% 2. Regenerating Forest/Shrub (RFS), 3. Mature HardWood (MHW), 6. Mixed Hardwood/Conifer (MHC), 10. Nonforest Bare Ground (NFBG), 12. Jack Pine (JP), 13. Red Pine (RP), 14. Water AMEI% patches AMEI% patches

15. NFBG & MHC to AMEI% patches AMEI% 2. Regenerating Forest/Shrub (RFS), 3. Mature HardWood (MHW), 6. Mixed Hardwood/Conifer (MHC), 10. Nonforest Bare Ground (NFBG), 12. Jack Pine (JP), 13. Red Pine (RP), 14. Water

16. MHW & RFS to AMEI% patches AMEI% 2. Regenerating Forest/Shrub (RFS), 3. Mature HardWood (MHW), 6. Mixed Hardwood/Conifer (MHC), 10. Nonforest Bare Ground (NFBG), 12. Jack Pine (JP), 13. Red Pine (RP), 14. Water

17. Shannon & Shape indices

18. Conclusions The buffering model can be used to determine multiple edge influence at landscape level, The complicity and structure of area of multiple edge influence of one patch type to the neighboring patches vary across the landscape, and The composition of area of multiple edge influence of patch type can be presented by Shannon diversity index.