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Developmental Psychology
9 Developmental Psychology
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Developmental Psychology
Focuses on development across life span – a field of psychology that focuses on development across the life span. Development More-or-less predictable changes in behavior associated with increasing age Nature or nurture? Nature: behavior unfolds like a plant over time Nurture: behavior is molded by experiences
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Developmental Psychology
Nature view
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Developmental Psychology
What do they see?
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Basic Processes of Development
Developmental Psychology Basic Processes of Development Maturation Biological process of systematic physical growth Experience plays a role in specific contexts McGraw’s study of toilet training twins Children change dramatically from birth to adulthood
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Developmental Psychology
Importance of maturational readiness in McGraw’s study of toilet training twin boys 200 300 Age in days 500 600 700 800 20 Success in percent 40 60 80 100 400 Hilton Hugh
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Early Experiences and Critical Periods
Developmental Psychology Early Experiences and Critical Periods Imprinting (Lorenz) Inborn tendency or instinct Sensitive period – critical period Early social deprivation Harlow’s monkeys, social isolation, and continuing detrimental effects Controversy over effects on children Some abnormal effects may be irreversible
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Variations in Development
Developmental Psychology Variations in Development Normal for children to be variable in their development Discontinuities in development are the rule Parents make important decisions about raising children that impacts on development Raising deaf child Impact of technology and medicine
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Stage Theories of Development
Developmental Psychology Stage Theories of Development Stages – series of abrupt changes from one period to another – All children must pass through in same order Many advocate unfolds over time More qualitative than quantitative (such as child mastering physical properties of object) Decentered thought allows conservation problem solutions
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Piaget’s Developmental Theory
Developmental Psychology Piaget’s Developmental Theory Identified 4 stages of cognitive development Sensorimotor stage – infant experiences world in sensory information and motor activities Preoperational stage – children sometimes think illogically by adult standards Concrete operational stage – increased abilities Formal operational stage – use of full adult logic
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Piaget’s cognitive development theory
Developmental Psychology Piaget’s cognitive development theory Birth to 2 yrs Sensorimotor Uses senses and motor skills, items known by use; Object permanence 2 - 7 yrs Pre-operational Symbolic thinking, language used; egocentric thinking, imagination/ experience grow, child de-centers yrs Concrete operational Logic applied, objective/rational interpretations; conservation, numbers, ideas, classifications 11 yrs on Formal operational Thinks abstractly, hypothetical ideas; ethics, politics, social/moral issues explored
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Kohlberg’s Theory Moral development Three level, six stage theory
Developmental Psychology Kohlberg’s Theory Moral development Three level, six stage theory Premoral level – child has no sense of morality as adults understand it Child’s moral view based on what others think until highest level of development creates independent thinking
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Kohlberg’s Theory Moral development
Developmental Psychology Kohlberg’s Theory Moral development Gilligan critical of Kohlberg’s research results – had her own theory Morality as Individual Survival Morality as Self-Sacrifice Morality as Equality
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Kohlberg’s theory of moral development
Developmental Psychology Kohlberg’s theory of moral development Level I: Preconventional moral reasoning Stage 1 “might makes right” Punishment/obedience orientation: self-interest Stage 2 “look out for number one” Instrumental/relativist orientation: quid pro quo Level II: Conventional moral reasoning Stage 3 “good girl, nice boy” Proper behavior for the social approval Stage 4 “law and order” Proper behavior of the dutiful citizen, obey laws Level III: Postconventional moral reasoning Stage 5 “social contract” Mutual benefit to all, obey society’s rules Stage 6 “universal ethical principles” Defend right/wrong, not just majority, all life is sacred (reflective)
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Development Across the Life Span
Developmental Psychology Development Across the Life Span Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory Focuses on the individual’s developing relationships with others in social world Eight stages - development continues over life span Crisis at each stage of development
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Erikson’s psychosocial theory
Developmental Psychology Autonomy vs. Shame/doubt Initiative vs. Guilt Industry vs. Inferiority Identity vs. Role confusion Intimacy vs. Isolation Generativity vs. Stagnation Integrity vs. Despair Trust vs. Mistrust Erikson’s psychosocial theory
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Development Across the Life Span
Developmental Psychology Development Across the Life Span Average ages at which changes in development take place portray pattern of age-related changes Neonatal Period Infancy Early childhood Middle childhood Adolescence adulthood
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Development in Infancy and Childhood
Developmental Psychology Development in Infancy and Childhood Neonatal period First two weeks of life Marks transition from womb to independence Reflexively grasps anything placed in hand Rooting reflex
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Development in Infancy and Childhood
Developmental Psychology Development in Infancy and Childhood Infancy Age: 2 weeks until 2 years Time of rapid physical, perceptual, cognitive, linguistic, social, and emotional growth During sensorimotor stage – infants stare at interesting visual stimuli Preference for human faces
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Development in Infancy and Childhood
Developmental Psychology Development in Infancy and Childhood Infancy Physical development Cognitive development Object permanence Telegraphic speech Rovee-Collier’s studies of memory
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Rovee-Collier’s studies tested the memory of young infants
Developmental Psychology Rovee-Collier’s studies tested the memory of young infants
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Development in Infancy and Childhood
Developmental Psychology Development in Infancy and Childhood Infancy – emotional and social development Visual cliff and depth perception Attachment Strong attachments formed between infants and caregivers Separation anxiety Fear of strangers
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Gibson and Walk’s visual cliff tested infant depth perception
Developmental Psychology Gibson and Walk’s visual cliff tested infant depth perception
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Early Childhood Growth less explosive and rapid than during infancy
Developmental Psychology Early Childhood Growth less explosive and rapid than during infancy Lasts 2 to 7 years of age Cognitive development Children in preoperational stage show egocentric thought Animism Transductive reasoning
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Early Childhood Emotional and social development
Developmental Psychology Early Childhood Emotional and social development Most notable changes in peer relationships and types of play Solitary play Parallel play Cooperative play
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Early Childhood Cooperative play Parallel play Solitary play
Developmental Psychology Early Childhood Cooperative play Parallel play Solitary play
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Middle Childhood Lasts from 7 to 11 years of age
Developmental Psychology Middle Childhood Lasts from 7 to 11 years of age Characterized by slow physical growth Important cognitive changes occur Conservation and reversibility Child decenters – allows conservation problems to be solved; learns some matter changes shape but not volume
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Middle Childhood Emotional and social development
Developmental Psychology Middle Childhood Emotional and social development Child enters with close ties to parents Peer relationships become increasingly important Friendships more important, last longer Cliques or groups formed, mostly same sex Terms boyfriend and girlfriend have little meaning at this stage
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Adolescent Development
Developmental Psychology Adolescent Development Adolescence Physical changes of puberty Adolescent growth spurt Heightened sexual and romantic interest Peers become more important than parents Cognitively – capable of abstract reasoning Ponders abstract issues like justice or equality No clear cut end to adolescence in society
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Adolescent Development
Developmental Psychology Adolescent Development Physical development Puberty becomes production of sex hormones Primary sex characteristics appear Females – menarche: menstruation, ovulation Secondary sex characteristics appear Females – breasts, pubic hair, wider hips Males – testes and penis growth, facial and pubic hair, broadened shoulders
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Adolescence Cognitive development Formal operations stage entered
Developmental Psychology Adolescence Cognitive development Formal operations stage entered Ability to use abstract concepts Shift to stage varies among individuals; some never reach this stage, others reach it in early adulthood Piaget’s classic experiment with weights
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Developmental Psychology
Piaget’s Balance Test - task: make the weight times the distance equal on both sides of center 4-yr-old 7-yr-old 5 kg A B 5 kg 5 kg 10-yr-old 14-yr-old C D 5 kg 10 kg 2 kg 8 kg
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Adolescence Adolescent egocentrism Social development
Developmental Psychology Adolescence Adolescent egocentrism Imaginary audience – everyone is watching Personal fable – belief that s/he is unique Hypocrisy – okay for one to do it but not another Pseudostupidity – use of oversimplified logic Social development Time of drifting or breaking away from family
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Adolescence Emotional development
Developmental Psychology Adolescence Emotional development G. Stanley Hall – time of storm and stress Most adolescents are happy, well-adjusted Areas of problems Parent-child conflicts Mood changes - self-conscious, awkward, lonely, ignored Risky behavior - aggression, unprotected sex, suicide, use of substances or alcohol
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Adulthood Young adulthood through older adulthood
Developmental Psychology Adulthood Young adulthood through older adulthood Developmental changes continue throughout adulthood: not a single phase of life Taking on adult responsibilities in work and social relationships Challenges: love, work, play continue changing
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Adulthood Physical development
Developmental Psychology Adulthood Physical development Growth and strength in early adulthood, then slow process of decline afterwards Speed and endurance Vision and ability to see in weak lighting Hearing and detection of tones Taste – intact until later in life; men tend to lose hearing and taste earlier than women Decline affected by health and lifestyles
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Adulthood Cognitive development
Developmental Psychology Adulthood Cognitive development Continues throughout adulthood; some abilities improve while others decline Fluid intelligence peaks in 20s, declines therafter Crystallized intelligence improves until 30s; then declines slowly afterwards Overall, individual rates vary depending on lifestyle and health
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Adulthood Emotional and social development
Developmental Psychology Adulthood Emotional and social development Many aspects of personality are fairly stable over time, and changes are predictable On average, adults become less anxious and emotional, socially outgoing, and creative People become more dependable, agreeable, and accepting of life’s hardships Gender differences lessen over time
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Adulthood Emotional and social development
Developmental Psychology Adulthood Emotional and social development Much disagreement about when and how changes occur during aging – differences between stages of infant/child development and adult development Not all adults go through every stage Order of stages can vary for individuals Timing of stages not controlled by biological maturation
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Stages of Adult Life Early adulthood Erikson
Developmental Psychology Stages of Adult Life Early adulthood Erikson Intimacy versus isolation (17 to 45 years) Levinson - Early adulthood has three stages Entry into early adulthood (17-28) Age 30 transition (28-33) Culmination of early adulthood (to age 40) Challenges of career, marriage, and parenthood
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Middle Adulthood Erikson –
Developmental Psychology Middle Adulthood Erikson – Generativity versus stagnation (40-65 years) Taking stock of what one has, who s/he is Some are happy, some are disappointed Generativity – reaching out, not self-centered
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Middle Adulthood Levinson – four brief stages Climactic –
Developmental Psychology Middle Adulthood Levinson – four brief stages Midlife transition (early 40s) Entry to middle adulthood stage (45 to 50) Age 50 transition Culmination of middle adulthood Climactic – Female sexual ability to reproduce declines Not all adult development timed by social clock rather than biological clock
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Later Adulthood Erikson (age 65 and onward)
Developmental Psychology Later Adulthood Erikson (age 65 and onward) Integrity versus despair Looks back over life as a whole: satisfying existence or merely staying alive Levinson devotes little to later years Life expectancy dramatically increased as have conceptions of old age many have healthy years after retirement Second careers and activism launched
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Evaluating Stage Theories
Developmental Psychology Evaluating Stage Theories Gender differences – more focus on men Cultural differences and historical change Few cultural comparison studies done Inconsistent evidence Questions about idea of stage theories Mid-course correction, not mid-life crises Predicted changes do not occur at ages indicated
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Causes of Aging Biological – human body deteriorates Psychological
Developmental Psychology Causes of Aging Biological – human body deteriorates Psychological Happy or unhappy aging Social activity and slowed intellectual decline or disengagement and isolation Maintain healthy or unhealthy lifestyle Optimism linked to happier, healthier, longer life
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Death and Dying: The Final Stage
Developmental Psychology Death and Dying: The Final Stage Kübler-Ross – five stages Denial Anger Bargaining Depression Acceptance
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Application of Psychology: Parenting
Developmental Psychology Application of Psychology: Parenting Parents play a key role in children’s lives Parenting and infant attachment Parenting and discipline style Effect in childrearing: Two-way street Common discipline mistakes Lax parenting, verbosity, overreactivity, and reinforcement of inappropriate behavior Sociocultural factors in parenting Myth of the perfect parent Day care, divorce, and parenting
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Baumrind: Three Parenting Styles
Authoritarian Permissive Authoritative Warmth low high Discipline strict rare moderate Expected Maturity Communication: parent-child Communication: child-parent
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Developmental Psychology
9 The End
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