© Paradigm Publishing, Inc.

© Paradigm Publishing, Inc.
Chapter 4 Our Digital World Chapter 4 System Software: The Control Center of Your Computer Next slide © Paradigm Publishing, Inc. © Paradigm Publishing, Inc.

This chapter will help you understand:
The role of system software. The history and development of operating systems. Functions of an operating system. The role of the OS and utilities in monitoring system performance. Mobile operating systems. When you finish this chapter, you’ll be able to understand: Bullet 1: What role system software performs in your computer system and what tasks it performs. Bullet 2: The history of operating systems and how we came to have the ones we use today. You’ll also be able to identify future trends in operating systems. Bullet 3: What functions an operating system package such as Windows or the Mac OS X perform. Bullet 4: How utilities contained in the OS package monitor your computer system’s performance, maintain security, and help ensure optimal performance. Bullet 5: What differentiates a mobile operating system like the one on your mobile phone from a computer operating system. Next slide © Paradigm Publishing, Inc. © Paradigm Publishing, Inc.

Chapter 4 Main Topics 4.1 What Controls Your Computer? 4.2 Perusing the Popular Operating System Packages 4.3 The Tasks of the Operating System Package 4.4 Going on the Road with Mobile Operating Systems The main topics covered in Chapter 4 are: Bullet 1: What Controls Your Computer? Bullet 2: Perusing the Popular Operating System Packages Bullet 3: The Tasks of the Operating System Bullet 4: Going on the Road with Mobile Operating Systems Next slide © Paradigm Publishing, Inc. © Paradigm Publishing, Inc.

Chapter 4 Why Should You Care? System software runs your computer. Helps you to troubleshoot your computer and make purchasing decisions. The operating system (OS) helps you keep data secure and perform maintenance tasks. What difference does system software make to your life? Bullet 1: System software is like the engine of your car. Just as your car can’t go anywhere without an engine, your computer can’t function without system software. Whether a mobile phone or large desktop computer, every computing device contains system software that includes its operating system, abbreviated OS, and various utilities. Bullet 2: If you understand what system software does, it can help you take advantage of features to make your computing experience more productive and trouble-free. Bullet 3: An operating system package such as Windows gives you tools to troubleshoot your computer when problems arise and to maintain the computer so it performs well. Performing regular maintenance tasks can extend the life of your computer and help protect your data. Next slide © Paradigm Publishing, Inc. © Paradigm Publishing, Inc.

4.1 What Controls Your Computer?
Chapter 4 4.1 What Controls Your Computer? Next slide © Paradigm Publishing, Inc. © Paradigm Publishing, Inc.

Chapter 4 System Software Is loaded into RAM when the computer starts. Includes operating system and utility software. The OS provides an interface. Utility software used to maintain your system. Bullet 1: The instructions that your computer receives when you turn on the power are stored on a ROM chip. These instructions are known as firmware. Bullet 2: System software also includes your operating system and several types of utility software. The operating system is the familiar interface you interact with regularly to run applications and manage files. In addition, the OS contains several utility programs such as Windows Disk Cleanup that help you maintain and protect your computer system. Next slide © Paradigm Publishing, Inc. © Paradigm Publishing, Inc.

Starting Your Computer
Chapter 4 Starting Your Computer Booting Cold booting Warm booting Bullet 1: Booting is the process of starting up your computer. The process is orchestrated by instructions, called BIOS (Basic Input Output System), stored on a special chip in ROM located on a computer’s motherboard. Bullet 2: If you start a computer when the power is turned off, that’s called a cold boot. Bullet 3: If you restart a computer (that is, you choose a command to shut it down, then turn it on again without ever turning the power off), you’ve performed a warm boot. Next slide © Paradigm Publishing, Inc. © Paradigm Publishing, Inc.

Starting Your Computer
Chapter 4 Starting Your Computer The booting process involves a series of steps. First, the power supply sends signals to the processor chip which locates and runs the BIOS instructions. Next, BIOS performs an operation called POST (or Power On Self Test) which checks the system’s components, and then finds and loads the operating system. Finally, the operating system loads the system configuration and displays the desktop on the screen. Next slide © Paradigm Publishing, Inc. © Paradigm Publishing, Inc.

What Does the OS Control?
Chapter 4 What Does the OS Control? Hardware and software can’t operate without the operating system. The OS controls storage drives, peripherals such as the monitor and printer, software applications, and memory. You can use the OS to organize files and folders that contain content you create or download and to perform maintenance tasks. In addition to the operating system, system software includes utility software, or utilities which are included in an operating system package such as Windows. Utilities aren’t essential to the functioning of the operating system, but they are useful to the operating system and to the user. Next slide © Paradigm Publishing, Inc. © Paradigm Publishing, Inc.

A History of Operating Systems
Chapter 4 A History of Operating Systems Once there were no operating systems. Increased complexity required change. Mainframe computers had operating systems made by their manufacturer. Bullet 1: There was a time when computers had no operating system. Programs interacted directly with the hardware. Bullet 2: As programs became more sophisticated, something was needed to orchestrate the interactions of software and hardware. Bullet 3: Pre-consumer mainframe computers, such as UNIVAC from Remington Rand, had an operating system created for them by their manufacturer. This photo shows the Remington Rand Corporation’s UNIVAC 1, introduced in 1951. Next slide © Paradigm Publishing, Inc. © Paradigm Publishing, Inc.

A History of Operating Systems
Chapter 4 A History of Operating Systems AT&T Bell Laboratories developed UNIX. MS-DOS and command-line interfaces. Introduction of graphical user interface (GUI). Bullet 1: In 1970 AT&T Bell Laboratories developed UNIX, an operating system written using the C programming language. UNIX became popular with corporations for running employee workstations because it worked with a variety of hardware and was customizable. Bullet 2: When microprocessors were developed, personal computers began to appear. In the 1980s Microsoft introduced its first standardized OS for personal computers, called MS-DOS, or DOS. The early operating systems like DOS used command-line interfaces, meaning that you typed lines of text and used a few simple tools. Graphical buttons and menus like we use today were not yet available. Bullet 3: A huge breakthrough came in the 1980s when Apple introduced the graphical user interface, called GUI (gooey). Microsoft followed soon with its own graphical interface in a product called Windows. Next slide © Paradigm Publishing, Inc. © Paradigm Publishing, Inc.

Chapter 4 firmware system software operating system (OS) utility software Disk Cleanup booting cold boot warm boot system files The section 4.1 terms to know are: firmware: Code built into electronic devices that controls those devices and may include instructions to start the system. system software: Software that includes the operating system and utilities for maintaining a computer and its performance. operating system (OS): A type of software that provides an interface for users to interact with computer devices and software applications. utility software: A category of system software used to optimize and maintain a system’s performance and to provide information about system resources. Disk Cleanup: A utility included with Windows that gets rid of unused files on your hard disk. booting: The process of starting a computer. cold boot: Starting a computer when the power is turned off. warm boot: Restarting a computer without turning the power off. system files: Files that provide instructions needed to run the operating system on a computer. Next slide Terms to Know © Paradigm Publishing, Inc. © Paradigm Publishing, Inc.

Chapter 4 system configuration operating system package driver DOS command-line interface graphical user interface (GUI) (Continued) system configuration: The entire computing system including the identity of the computer, the devices connected to it, and some essential processes that the computer runs. operating system package: Packaged software, such as Windows or Linux, which includes an operating system and utilities (collectively known as system software). driver: Software that allows an operating system to interface with specific hardware such as a printer or keyboard DOS: An early operating system for personal computers which used a command-line interface. An acronym for disk operating system. command-line interface: Operating systems requiring that you type text commands, such as DOS. graphical user interface (GUI): The visual appearance of an operating system that uses graphical icons, buttons, and windows to display system settings or open documents. Next slide Terms to Know © Paradigm Publishing, Inc. © Paradigm Publishing, Inc.

Chapter 4 Ask Yourself… What was Microsoft’s first operating system? Windows 1 MS-DOS Linux Windows 2000 Next slide © Paradigm Publishing, Inc. © Paradigm Publishing, Inc.

4.2 Perusing the Popular Operating System Packages
Chapter 4 4.2 Perusing the Popular Operating System Packages Next slide © Paradigm Publishing, Inc. © Paradigm Publishing, Inc.

Platforms and Platform Dependency
Chapter 4 Platforms and Platform Dependency What is a Platform? What is Platform Dependency? Windows, Mac OS X, UNIX, and Linux. Bullet 1: A platform is a combination of hardware architecture and operating system software that runs applications. Bullet 2: Four major operating systems are in use today. They are Windows from Microsoft, Macintosh from Apple, UNIX, and Linux which are available from various companies as well as open source. When particular software can only be run on a certain type of hardware or under a specific operating system, that’s called platform dependency. Bullet 3: For example, the Macintosh operating system, called Mac OS X, isn’t designed to run on a Windows computer. However, in recent years, cross-platform functionality has been enabled by software products such as Boot Camp which allows Macintosh computers to run Windows programs. Next slide © Paradigm Publishing, Inc. © Paradigm Publishing, Inc.

Chapter 4 The Future of the OS Web operating systems. Browser based and cross-platform. Access to online services. Bullet 1: Operating system packages may become less visible to you as a user. Web-based operating systems, such as Chrome OS from Google, may change the way we use and access operating systems. Chrome is currently under development. Bullet 2: A browser-based operating system such as Chrome will be, by definition, cross platform, because browsers are cross-platform. Bullet 3: Such an operating system will provide an interface to access services online, which might include the software products that you currently install on your computer. A Web-based operating system probably won’t control and maintain your computer, so you are still likely to have a local OS installed on your computer. Next slide © Paradigm Publishing, Inc. © Paradigm Publishing, Inc.

Spotlight on the Future
Chapter 4 Reinventing Windows What are the pros and cons of moving the OS into the cloud? How will smaller computers change operating systems? How might operating systems be different in 2020? Michael Cherry, computer industry analyst, and Mary Jo Foley, a technology journalist, have interesting perspectives on how Microsoft might start from scratch building an entirely new OS for their next version of Windows and how our access to operating systems may change in the future. Next slide Spotlight on the Future © Paradigm Publishing, Inc. © Paradigm Publishing, Inc.

Chapter 4 platform platform dependency Microsoft Windows Macintosh OS X UNIX Linux open source operating system multitasking least possible privileges The section 4.2 terms to know are: platform: The hardware architecture of a computer and the operating system that runs on it. platform dependency: Applications and hardware that are designed to work only with a particular operating system. Microsoft Windows: The operating system produced by Microsoft Corporation. Macintosh OS X: The operating system produced by Apple Computer. UNIX: A server operating system written with the C programming language. Linux: First developed by Linus Torvalds in 1991, Linux is an open source operating system, meaning that the source code for it is freely available and many people can use it and modify it. open source operating system: Operating system software built with contributions by users whose source code is free to anybody to modify and use. multitasking: The ability to have two or more tasks running at the same time. Also refers to the CPU’s ability to execute several processes simultaneously. least possible privileges: A principle applied by network operating systems that each user is only given access to what is needed to get work done. Next slide Terms to Know © Paradigm Publishing, Inc. © Paradigm Publishing, Inc.

Chapter 4 Ask Yourself… What is the current Macintosh operating system called? Macintosh Panther Macintosh Macintosh OS X Apple OS Next slide © Paradigm Publishing, Inc. © Paradigm Publishing, Inc.

4.3 The Tasks of the Operating System Package
Chapter 4 4.3 The Tasks of the Operating System Package Next slide © Paradigm Publishing, Inc. © Paradigm Publishing, Inc.

What the Operating System Does
Chapter 4 What the Operating System Does Provides a user interface. Configures hardware. Controls input and output devices. Manages system performance and memory. All of the different operating systems have eight basic functions in common. The functions include: Bullet 1: Providing a user interface that includes the toolbars, menus, dialog boxes, and other tools you’ve become used to working with. The home screen for the operating system is the desktop, from which you can run applications and work with files. A variety of settings and applications are available in windows. You can open more than one window at a time and resize them. Bullet 2: The operating system helps you add and configure hardware, from peripheral devices such as a printer to an expansion card that you add to your computer motherboard. Configuring hardware typically involves installing and updating hardware drivers. Most peripherals today work with Plug and Play technology to help your operating system recognize a new device and set it up for you. Bullet 3: Hardware that your OS helps you control include input devices, such as your mouse, and output devices, such as your speakers. These devices may connect to your computer via a cable, or they may be wireless. Wireless devices require a transmitter that you plug into your computer, typically using a USB port. Bullet 4: The OS package, which includes the OS and utilities, provides tools for managing the performance of your computer processor and monitoring your memory capacity, including RAM, ROM, and cache memory. Another function your operating system controls is called a bus. This subsystem of your computer moves instructions and data between various components. The faster the bus, the faster the computer. Next slide © Paradigm Publishing, Inc. © Paradigm Publishing, Inc.

What the Operating System Does
Chapter 4 What the Operating System Does Routes data between applications. Manages file systems. Provides search and help. Provides maintenance features. Sends the computer to sleep or shut off. (Continued) Bullet 1: Your operating system gives you control over the various files and folders that help you organize stored content. To do this, it keeps a file allocation table (abbreviated FAT). This table records where on your hard disk different bits of data that make up your documents are stored, helping the OS retrieve data. You can use OS features to name, organize, and manage files and folders and to find particular files and folders by following a hierarchy called a path. Bullet 2: To help you find contents stored on your computer and find help using your computer’s features, your operating system provides search and help features. Using search you can look for files by the last date saved, the author, or a word in the file name, for example. Help systems provide access to local help files stored on your computer and constantly updated online help content through your Internet connection. Bullet 3: Operating systems pall provide a method of searching your computer for the files you need, and a help system you can use to look for information about how to use your computer. Bullet 4: Several utility programs included in your operating system package help you perform system maintenance tasks and scan drives and files for problems. Bullet 5: Finally, the OS is in charge of closing down your computer, either by putting it to sleep or shutting the power off. Next slide © Paradigm Publishing, Inc. © Paradigm Publishing, Inc.

Interface and Input Options
Chapter 4 Interface and Input Options In this illustration you can see some of the graphical user interface features in an open application in Windows. You can provide input by clicking items with your mouse or entering text with your keyboard. Next slide © Paradigm Publishing, Inc. © Paradigm Publishing, Inc.

Chapter 4 Memory You can see in this illustration how much memory various types of programs use on your computer and how your operating system can swap some memory requirements to virtual memory. This type of memory handles data that can’t fit into RAM when you are running several programs at the same time. Next slide © Paradigm Publishing, Inc. © Paradigm Publishing, Inc.

How Your Computer Organizes Files and Folders
Chapter 4 How Your Computer Organizes Files and Folders In this illustration of the Mac Finder, you can see how folders and files are organized in an outline-like hierarchy. In Windows this same feature is called Windows Explorer. You can locate files and folders on your hard disk, or on storage devices like flash drives and DVDs. Next slide © Paradigm Publishing, Inc. © Paradigm Publishing, Inc.

Computers in Your Career
Chapter 4 Work in local computer stores or international call centers. Need solid grounding in computers. Ability to communicate and deal with the public. Bullet 1: If you are interested in supporting computer users, you might consider a career as a computer support specialist. In this job you might work in a small local computer shop or a national computer store chain. You could staff a help desk in a corporation, or work for a computer hardware or software manufacturer supporting customers from an international call center. Bullet 2: You’ll need a solid education in computers with at least an associate’s degree to succeed in computer support. Bullet 3: Because you’ll be dealing with the public, you must be a good communicator and have patience when working with people who may be frustrated as they tackle computer problems. Next slide Computers in Your Career © Paradigm Publishing, Inc. © Paradigm Publishing, Inc.

Chapter 4 Remote assistance features. Only provide to people you trust. Remove access privileges. Bullet 1: Remote assistance features built into several operating systems allow you to give control of your computer to a remote person so he or she can figure out why you’re experiencing a problem and fix it. Bullet 2: Provide remote access to people you trust, as you are giving away access to all the data and settings on your computer. An unscrupulous person could steal your electronic check book register or change settings that would allow a malicious person to hack into your computer at a later time. Bullet 3: Only give remote assistance access to someone for a short period of time and be sure to remove access privileges after the problem has been fixed. Next slide Playing It Safe © Paradigm Publishing, Inc. © Paradigm Publishing, Inc.

Chapter 4 user interface desktop Plug and Play performance virtual memory swap file file allocation table (FAT) path The section 4.3 terms to know are: user interface: The visual appearance that software presents to a user. desktop: The background image shown on the screen upon which graphical elements such as icons, buttons, windows, links, and dialog boxes are displayed. Plug and Play: A feature that recognizes and makes available for use devices you plug into your computer, for example into a USB port. The OS installs the correct driver for the device to operate. performance: The speed with which your computer functions. virtual memory: A capability of the computer’s operating system that handles data that cannot fit into RAM when running several programs at once. When RAM is used up, data is stored or “swapped” into virtual memory. swap file: A file created when data is stored or “swapped” into virtual memory. file allocation table (or FAT): A table maintained by the OS to keep track of the physical location of the hard disk’s contents. path: The hierarchy of folders that leads to a stored file. Next slide Terms to Know © Paradigm Publishing, Inc. © Paradigm Publishing, Inc.

Chapter 4 Ask Yourself… What type of interface do today’s operating systems have? command-line interface graphical user interface text-based interface DOS Next slide © Paradigm Publishing, Inc. © Paradigm Publishing, Inc.

4.4 Going on the Road with Mobile Operating Systems
Chapter 4 4.4 Going on the Road with Mobile Operating Systems Next slide © Paradigm Publishing, Inc. © Paradigm Publishing, Inc.

Mobile Operating Systems
Chapter 4 Mobile Operating Systems What makes them unique? Mobile OS choices. Bullet 1: There are some differences between the operating system on your desktop or laptop computer and a mobile operating system on your cell phone. A mobile OS is stored in ROM, so it can’t offer as robust a feature set as your computer’s OS. This means a mobile OS can only access smaller resources, because bigger programs would slow it down dramatically. In some mobile phones, the OS manages touch-screen functionality and wireless broadband connections. Bullet 2: Different manufacturers can use different mobile operating systems, such as the OS from Research in Motion used in Blackberries and the webOS used in Palm phones. Google backs an OS called Android. In early 2010 Google introduced an Android-based phone that works with service from several carriers. Today many providers offer application stores from which you can download hundreds of applications that you can run on your mobile phone. Next slide © Paradigm Publishing, Inc. © Paradigm Publishing, Inc.

Chapter 4 Mobile OS Interfaces Mobile OS interfaces vary quite a bit. One big difference is whether the OS offers touchscreen technology, as with the iPhone shown on the right in this slide. Touchscreen phones allow you to input commands with the touch of a finger. Other input methods include a trackball shown in the Blackberry on the left and a variety of button styles used on other phones. Next slide © Paradigm Publishing, Inc. © Paradigm Publishing, Inc.

Computers in Your Career
Chapter 4 Roll out new versions of software. Train users. Run a help desk. Bullet 1: When a new version of an operating system comes out and your company is ready to upgrade, people who work in network support must roll out the new software to the users on their networks. They have to both install and customize the software. Bullet 2: Along with new software, training is often required to help users get up to speed. Training might come from the corporate training department or the network support group. Bullet 3: Many larger corporations have their own help desks to provide ongoing support. The information technology workers who run the help desks answer calls from users about technical problems and troubleshoot problems. Next slide Computers in Your Career © Paradigm Publishing, Inc. © Paradigm Publishing, Inc.

Chapter 4 mobile operating system smartphone mobile Internet device (MID) 3G The section 4.4 terms to know are: mobile operating system: Operating system used on mobile phones. Often called mobile OS or mobile platform. smartphone: Mobile phone devices with a mobile OS and a rich feature set that essentially makes them into very small computers. mobile Internet device (or MID): A category of devices that fall between netbooks and phones, putting the Internet in a pocket-sized form. 3G: The third generation of wireless telecommunication standards and technology. Next slide Terms to Know © Paradigm Publishing, Inc. © Paradigm Publishing, Inc.

Chapter 4 Ask Yourself… Which mobile platform does Google back? Chrome iPhone OS Symbian OS Android Next slide © Paradigm Publishing, Inc. © Paradigm Publishing, Inc.

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