1. Chapter 14 Work & Simple Machines 4/12/2017 2:57 PM
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2. Ch 14.1 – Work & Power
Work – occurs when a force causes an object to move in the direction of the applied force
1. Work involves motion, not just effort

3. a) Ex: Lifting a clothes basket is work
4/12/2017 2:57 PM
2. Work is done only when the force you exert on an object is in the same direction as the object’s motion
a) Ex: Lifting a clothes basket is work
but carrying it while walking is not
© 2008 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries.
The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

4. 3. When a force is exerted at an angle, only the part of the force that is in the same direction as the motion is doing the work

5. B. Calculating Work
1. Formula:
Work = force x distance
2. SI Unit:
Joule
3. The distance in a work equation is the distance an object moves only while the force is applied

6. Calculating Work
A painter lifts a can of paint that weighs 40N a distance of 2m. How much work does he do?
Hint – To lift an object you must apply a force that equals the weight
Work = Force x Distance
Force Needed = 40 N
Distance moved = 2 m
40 N x 2 m = 80 J

7. C. Calculating Power
1. Power is how quickly work can be done
2. Formula:
Power = work done / time needed
3. SI Unit:
Watt

8. Calculating Power
You do 200J of work in 12s. How much power did you use?
Power = work = 200J = 17 watts
time s

9. 4. Doing work on an object increases its kinetic energy
5. The amount of work done is the amount of energy transferred and therefore can also be expressed as:
Power = energy transferred /time needed
6. Power is the rate at which energy is transferred
4. Work makes the object move/move faster

10. A. Machine – device that makes doing work easier
Ch 14.2 – Using Machines
A. Machine – device that makes doing work easier

11. B. Machines do not change the amount of work that needs to be done; they change the way a person does the work
Input force – the effort/work that you exert on the machine
Output force – the resistance force or the work the machine does

12. 3. When using a machine the output work can never be greater than the input work
a) Some make work easier by allowing a smaller force over a longer distance

13. b) Others allow you to exert your force over a shorter distance

14. c) Others allow you to change the direction of your force

15. 4. Mechanical Advantage – number of times the input force is multiplied by a machine
a) Formula:
MA = output force / input force
b) There is no SI unit for MA

16. Calculating Mechanical Advantage
To pry the lid off a paint can, you apply a force of 50N to the handle of a screwdriver. What is the MA of the screwdriver if it applies a force of 500N to the lid?
MA = F out = 500N = 10
F in 50N

17. Efficiency = output work / input work x 100%
C. Efficiency – ability of a machine to convert input work to output work
Formula:
Efficiency = output work / input work x 100%
2. Answer will be expressed as a percentage

18. Calculating Efficiency
Using a pulley system, a crew does 7500J of work to load a box that required 4500J of work. What was the efficiency of the pulley system?
Eff = W out = 4500J x 100% = 60%
W in J

19. 3. Friction always reduces the efficiency of a machine as some of the work is converted into heat
4. The efficiency of a machine will never be 100% due to friction (Ideal Machine)
5. Oil or another lubricant can increase efficiency by reducing the number of contact points between touching surfaces

20. Ch 14.3 – Simple Machines
Simple Machine – does work with only one movement
Compound Machine – made of a combination of simple machines

21. C. Types of Simple Machines
Inclined Plane – a flat, sloped surface
a) Allows an object to be moved from one height to another with less force than is needed to lift it
b) The longer the inclined plane the less force that is needed

22. 2. Wedge – an inclined plane that moves; may have one or two sloped sides
a) Can be used to separate (cut) objects or hold an object in place
b) Ex: teeth, knife, door stop

23. 3. Screw – inclined plane wrapped around a cylinder or post

24. 4. Lever – any rigid rod or plank that pivots around a point
The fixed point about which the lever pivots is called the fulcrum
There are 3 classes of levers:

25. a) First-class lever – fulcrum is between input and output forces; ex: scissors

26. bb) Second-class lever – output force is between the input and the fulcrum; ex: wheelbarrow

27. cc) Third-class lever – input force is between the output and the fulcrum; ex: baseball bat

28. 5. Wheel and Axle – made of two circular objects of different sizes that rotate together
a) For some, input force turns the wheel and axle exerts the output force
Ex: doorknob, steering wheel, screwdriver

29. b) For others, the input force turns the axle and the wheel exerts the output force
Ex: Ferris wheel

30. 6. Pulley – grooved wheel with a rope or chain wrapped around it; they change the direction of the force you exert
a) Fixed pulley – attached to an overhead structure; ex: flagpole

32. b) Moveable pulley – attached to the object being lifted; must also have a fixed pulley to change direction of force
Cannot be used by itself; must also have fixed pulley to change direction of force

33. c) Pulley System – combination of fixed and moveable pulleys
2 fixed on ceiling; 2 moveable on bike