1. 1 The Evolution of RFID – Next Wave Principles, Challenges & Solutions Copyright © 2007 RFID Technical Institute, Inc. All Right Reserved The Evolution of RFID Next Wave Principles, Challenges & Solutions Gene Fedors International RFID Business Association IEEE – New Jersey Coast Section Meeting 11/05/07

2. 1 The Evolution of RFID – Next Wave Principles, Challenges & Solutions Copyright © 2007 RFID Technical Institute, Inc. All Right Reserved RFID at 30,000 Feet Radio Frequency Identification –A method of uniquely identifying items using radio waves –A reader communicates with a tag –Used to determine “Item-Location-Time” This Item was at This Location at This Time Tag Who Are You? Reader I am 35S4U96XE

3. 1 The Evolution of RFID – Next Wave Principles, Challenges & Solutions Copyright © 2007 RFID Technical Institute, Inc. All Right Reserved RFID Tag RFID Tag: –Consists of a silicon microchip (integrated circuit), attached to an antenna that is packaged in a way that it can be applied to an object Tag Inlay: –Consists of a microchip attached to an antenna and mounted on a plastic or other thin film substrate (Note: inlays are usually purchased by Label Converters who turn them into smart labels) Antenna Microchip Inlay

4. 1 The Evolution of RFID – Next Wave Principles, Challenges & Solutions Copyright © 2007 RFID Technical Institute, Inc. All Right Reserved RFID Object Tagging RFID Tag

5. 1 The Evolution of RFID – Next Wave Principles, Challenges & Solutions Copyright © 2007 RFID Technical Institute, Inc. All Right Reserved Next Wave: Custom Tags & Enclosures RFID Label Custom Tag RFID tags may be embedded in a traditional barcode label… or … encapsulated in a custom designed enclosure

6. 1 The Evolution of RFID – Next Wave Principles, Challenges & Solutions Copyright © 2007 RFID Technical Institute, Inc. All Right Reserved Next Wave: Integrated Readers Reader –A device used to communicate with RFID tags –Readers types: handheld, vehicle mounted, fixed, etc. –Attaches to an antenna on one side and to a network/system on the other Reader RFID Tag Antenna An RFID Tag picks up signals from and sends signals to a Reader Handheld Fixed & Mobile Air Interface Protocol Next: Integrated Source: Alvin Systems Source: TAGSYS

7. 1 The Evolution of RFID – Next Wave Principles, Challenges & Solutions Copyright © 2007 RFID Technical Institute, Inc. All Right Reserved Next Wave: Reader Design & Cost Reader Circuitry Evolution –Intel R1000 Chip - recent announcement: A highly integrated, application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) that combines 90 percent of the discrete components found in a typical passive UHF RFID reader radio onto a single chip Use of the chip could eventually drive reader costs down to half their present $1,000 range Reader RFID Tag Antenna An RFID Tag picks up signals from and sends signals to a Reader Air Interface Protocol

8. 1 The Evolution of RFID – Next Wave Principles, Challenges & Solutions Copyright © 2007 RFID Technical Institute, Inc. All Right Reserved Next Wave: Specialized Antennas Reader RFID Tag Antenna System Antenna –A Tag Antenna is the conductive element (usually copper metal) that enables the tag to send and receive data –A Reader Antenna is used to emit radio waves used to power up a tag microchip so that it sends its stored data –With certain type of tags data may also be transmitted to a tag and stored Tag Antenna Reader Antenna System Omron Intermec Alien

9. 1 The Evolution of RFID – Next Wave Principles, Challenges & Solutions Copyright © 2007 RFID Technical Institute, Inc. All Right Reserved Basic RFID System Functionality

10. 1 The Evolution of RFID – Next Wave Principles, Challenges & Solutions Copyright © 2007 RFID Technical Institute, Inc. All Right Reserved RFID Vs. Barcodes RFIDBarcode Electronic DevicePrinted Symbol Uses RF WavesUses Light Sensitive to EMI (noise) and metal, waterNot sensitive to EMI, metal, water Non Line-of-SightLine-of-Sight Required In most cases no labor required for readReading requires labor, except on conveyor w/ reliable label positioning Can be hidden, protectedSubject to dirt, abrasion, etc. Simultaneous ReadOne-at-a-time Range: Active – 300’+, Passive 30’Range: 35’ if large, 2’ if small Small to Large Data SizeSmall to Medium (2D barcode) Data Size Read/WriteRead-only Always serializedUsually not serialized Digital link to the world (sensors, wireless)Human link to world (manual intervention) Strong Authentication possible (access control, non- duplication) No Authentication, except encryption $0.15 to $200+ tag, “expensive” readerVirtually Free label, inexpensive reader Emerging for some uses, mature in other areasMature – Ubiquitous RFID Versus Barcode – Know the Tradeoffs

11. 1 The Evolution of RFID – Next Wave Principles, Challenges & Solutions Copyright © 2007 RFID Technical Institute, Inc. All Right Reserved Reader RFID Tag Antenna Wireless Communications Various forms of wired and wireless communication can link RFID reader/systems components to allow information exchange 802.3, BlueTooth, Wi-Fi, 802.11, WiMax, Cellular, Satellite, etc. Next Wave: Multiple Types of Communications System Wired & Wireless Communications

12. 1 The Evolution of RFID – Next Wave Principles, Challenges & Solutions Copyright © 2007 RFID Technical Institute, Inc. All Right Reserved RFID & Wireless Communications Fork Lift Mounted Reader/Antenna RFID Tag

13. 1 The Evolution of RFID – Next Wave Principles, Challenges & Solutions Copyright © 2007 RFID Technical Institute, Inc. All Right Reserved Next Wave: RFID Enabled Enterprise Applications Reader RFID Tag Antenna System Readers are usually linked to systems running enterprise applications The data collected from a tag is sent to an enterprise application for processing; data may also be sent back to tag to be written to its microchip Data collected from a tag can also be stored in a portable reader and up- loaded later for processing Enterprise Applications ERP WMS TMS etc. Middleware

14. 1 The Evolution of RFID – Next Wave Principles, Challenges & Solutions Copyright © 2007 RFID Technical Institute, Inc. All Right Reserved RFID Middleware – Why We Need It Business Analysis and Decisions Inter-enterprise Integration Business Transaction Management Integration between Devices and execution applications and/or the network Device Layer Hardware Software

15. 1 The Evolution of RFID – Next Wave Principles, Challenges & Solutions Copyright © 2007 RFID Technical Institute, Inc. All Right Reserved Next Wave: Addressing The “Whole Solution” Solution Component Layers: –Tag –Label –Reader –Antenna –Printer/Encoder –Label Applicator –Communications –Middleware –Enterprise Applications –Systems Integration –Network Infrastructure –Network Applications –Various Sensors –Enhanced Packaging – Business Process – Standards – Data Management, Security & Privacy – Organizational Change

16. 1 The Evolution of RFID – Next Wave Principles, Challenges & Solutions Copyright © 2007 RFID Technical Institute, Inc. All Right Reserved If you don’t understand the science (physics) behind RFID… you are not adequately equipped to undertake an RFID program…

17. 1 The Evolution of RFID – Next Wave Principles, Challenges & Solutions Copyright © 2007 RFID Technical Institute, Inc. All Right Reserved EM Transmission – Frequency Characteristics Source: IEEE Eng Med Biol Mag. 1998 May-Jun;17(3):111-4. 915 MHz 13.56 MHz RFID Suitable Frequencies 125 KHz 2.4 GHz 433 MHz

18. 1 The Evolution of RFID – Next Wave Principles, Challenges & Solutions Copyright © 2007 RFID Technical Institute, Inc. All Right Reserved Read Characteristics & Frequencies 125 kHz Passive RFID Examples

19. 1 The Evolution of RFID – Next Wave Principles, Challenges & Solutions Copyright © 2007 RFID Technical Institute, Inc. All Right Reserved Active –Battery powered –Limited life span –Most costly –Most functionality/performance –Optional (Sensor) Semi-Passive –Battery assisted (limited) –Better read range than passive –Hybrid functionality –Mid range price Passive –No battery - powered by RF field –Longer life span –Least functionality –Least expensive Next Wave: Tag Types & Design Enhancement Cost $$$ Aprox. $.25 - $1.00 Aprox. $5 - $200

20. 1 The Evolution of RFID – Next Wave Principles, Challenges & Solutions Copyright © 2007 RFID Technical Institute, Inc. All Right Reserved Frequency, Read Range & Tag Type 125-134 kHz 13.56 MHz 2.45 GHz 902-928 MHz Active Tags 433 MHz (Wi-Fi) 2.4 GHz (UWB) 6.1 GHz etc. Passive Tags 10’20’ 2’4’6’8’ Active Tag 20’ – 300’ RFID Wristband Passive Tag Meds - Bottle Meds - Case Pump

21. 1 The Evolution of RFID – Next Wave Principles, Challenges & Solutions Copyright © 2007 RFID Technical Institute, Inc. All Right Reserved Next Wave: Multiple Tag Types Different Capabilities for Different Processes

22. 1 The Evolution of RFID – Next Wave Principles, Challenges & Solutions Copyright © 2007 RFID Technical Institute, Inc. All Right Reserved “Technology Maturity Tipping Points” Different components of an RFID solution mature at different times. The maturity of the subset of technology components for a particular solution determines its viability and adoption timing.

23. 1 The Evolution of RFID – Next Wave Principles, Challenges & Solutions Copyright © 2007 RFID Technical Institute, Inc. All Right Reserved Technology Maturity Tipping Points Which solutions sets are mature, which need time? –Tag –Label –Reader –Antenna –Printer –Wireless Communications –Business Applications –Middleware –Enterprise Applications –Systems Integration –Sensors –Packaging –Network Infrastructure –Network Applications/Security/Data Sharing Yes Emerging Leading Edge Varies By Application Open Versus Closed Loop

24. 1 The Evolution of RFID – Next Wave Principles, Challenges & Solutions Copyright © 2007 RFID Technical Institute, Inc. All Right Reserved RFID Strengths for Business Advantage Automatically Links the Digital (Systems) to the Physical (Objects) –Package is at this location… it contains… but contents is spoiled Item Level Visibility –Unique ID per object if needed Dynamic Identity –Read/write data update, not static Locating –Finding people and things Tracking Objects in Motion –Goods, people, etc. Handling Choke Point Issues –‘Things Go Wrong Here” Automatic Routing and Management (Audit Trail) –Chain of custody tracking, e-Pedigree, etc. Monitor Environmental Conditions (With Sensor Added) –Temperature, light, vibration, moisture, etc.

25. 1 The Evolution of RFID – Next Wave Principles, Challenges & Solutions Copyright © 2007 RFID Technical Institute, Inc. All Right Reserved Mandates Mitigate Risks/Errors Safety Increase Revenue/Reduce Costs Maintain Competitiveness Comply with Regulations RFID Business Drivers

26. 1 The Evolution of RFID – Next Wave Principles, Challenges & Solutions Copyright © 2007 RFID Technical Institute, Inc. All Right Reserved Barriers to RFID Adoption Implementation cost/complexity ISO vs. EPC vs. Industry vs. Global Standards Compliance Mandates vs. ROI Technology Maturity Tipping Points Global interoperability and integration Data management, synchronization and sharing Pilot to production scaling Packaging revisions for production performance consistency Some legacy apps not RFID ready- can they scale? Understanding/achieving the needed changes to business process Privacy concerns - item-level tagging

27. 1 The Evolution of RFID – Next Wave Principles, Challenges & Solutions Copyright © 2007 RFID Technical Institute, Inc. All Right Reserved Sample Solutions In Operation Today Asset Tracking (Containers, Pallets, Equipment, Tools, Parts, Rental Garments, Live Stock, etc…) Cold Chain (Perishable Goods Monitoring, Tracking, Spoilage Prevention) CPG (Supply Chain Management, Product/Stock Visibility) Defense (Asset Visibility & Management) Financial (Smart Cards) Healthcare (Patient Safety/Management, Staff Productivity, Mobile Asset Tracking) Library (Inventory Management/Check-in, Check-out) MRO (Parts Replacement) Manufacturing (Parts Tracking, Routing, Control, Quality) Maritime (Port Security – Container Tracking, Contents Status) Pharmaceutical (Consumer Safety, Brand Protection, Anti- counterfeiting, Track &Trace, Drug e-Pedigree) Retail (Stocking, Promotion Execution) Security (Building Access, Asset Protection) Warehouse (Inventory/Logistics Management)

28. 1 The Evolution of RFID – Next Wave Principles, Challenges & Solutions Copyright © 2007 RFID Technical Institute, Inc. All Right Reserved RFID Technology & Business Fundamentals Getting Started with RFID Advanced training to develop mastery of various RFID disciplines needed to participate in or conduct an RFID initiative

29. 1 The Evolution of RFID – Next Wave Principles, Challenges & Solutions Copyright © 2007 RFID Technical Institute, Inc. All Right Reserved International RFID Business Association (RFIDba) RFID Educational Reference Model RFID Fundamentals for IT Professionals Advanced RFID Principles For Implementers RFID Systems Deployment Management Executive Brief - CIO Industry Strategy IT Strategy RFID Business Program Management Level 100 Level 200 Level 300 Manufacturing Life Science Military Maritime AutomotiveRetail Logistics Industry/Process x Industry Strategy Executive Brief - CxO Business Strategy IT Operations & Management Track IT Executive Track Business Executive Track Business Operations & Management Track RFID Certification Program Best Practices Forum Best Practices Forum Level 400 RFID Fundamentals for Business Professionals Advanced RFID Principles for Solution Planners Master Level TM

30. 1 The Evolution of RFID – Next Wave Principles, Challenges & Solutions Copyright © 2007 RFID Technical Institute, Inc. All Right Reserved Harry Pappas Founder & CEO International RFID Business Association hpappas@rfidba.org www.rfidbusiness.org (M) 610.357.0990 Gene Fedors (O) 610.251.0464 (M) 484.802.4521 gfedors@rfidba.org For more information: RTI RFID Education White Paper: “Maintaining Quality, Relevance and Proficiency in RFID Education” See www.rfidtech.com under “News”www.rfidtech.com