1. PowerPoint Supplement Richard P. Farkas, DePaul University
POWER & CHOICE An Introduction to Political Science 12th Edition W. Phillips Shively, University of Minnesota
PowerPoint Supplement
Richard P. Farkas, DePaul University

2. The purpose of education is to replace an empty mind with an open one
The purpose of education is to replace an empty mind with an open one Malcolm Forbes

3. Comparative Politics =
Comparing the internal structure & behavior of political systems

4. Student Requirements Diligent reading of ALL assignments
read before class lecture ...
Regular attendance
absences are costly and reflect poorly ...
Participation in classroom dialogue
think, connect, articulate, question
Always bring “clicker”
Office visits recommended …

5. Chapter 1
The Idea of Politics

6. POLITICS Use of power Production of public choice
“… the world has proved to be a strange and wonderful place.”
“… one thing that has remained constant is a faith in people’s capacity to shape their futures through politics.”

7. Avenues for Analysis “best conducted eclectically” behaviors
institutions
policies
“state” as organizer of politics

8. More Guidelines … see both sides of any question
keep our emotions in low key
be precise about the meaning of the words we use
be open to borrowing from other academic disciplines
recognize need for broad
principles

9. “POLITICS” social process rivalry & cooperation making of a decision
binding on a group
POLITICS is a social process involving rivalry
and cooperation culminating in the making
of a decision binding on a group.

10. … or
the use of power to make a common decision for a group of people

11. POWER Politics ALWAYS involves the exercise of power
Power = ability of one person to cause another to do what the first wishes

12. “POWER” … means by which power is exercised coercion persuasion
construction of incentives
authority can be the basis of one’s power if those governed accept
the relationship …
other sources possible

13. Think about your “feeling” about the following terms …
administer, manage
manipulate, force
direct, lead
order, control

14. POWER & CHOICE 1. Making common decisions (choice)
A way to work out rationally the best common solution to a common problem
2. Exercise of power
Ability to get someone to do what you want
Contrast:
Implicit vs. Manifest power

15. Approaching “politics” …
As public choice … emphasizes the options and decisions located throughout the system & the attempt to meet needs
As power … emphasizes the management of persons in the system
Example: the university classroom

16. “state” “sovereign state”
The political entity whose government has ultimate authority to make decisions binding upon all those within the boundaries of that entity
… country
not what Americans call “states”

17. Kinds of Approaches … “Interpretive political scientists”
historical, philosophical aspects built
from detailed, non-numerical cases
“Behavioralists”
look for broad patterns across many
cases using statistical analysis
of numerical data

18. “Theory”
Thinking about politics invites broad generalization and abstraction
We pursue generalization through theory
A theory is a statement linking specific instances to broader principles

19. Normative & Empirical Analysis
normative: systematic thoughts about
what OUGHT TO BE
empirical: systematic examination of
what IS

20. ACADEMIC LABELS highest form of knowing … explanation  THEORY
prediction  HYPOTHESIS / MODEL
classification  TYPOLOGY
description  DESCRIPTION
most basic form of knowing …

21. HOW We Know ... When the METHODOLOGY is sound …
when the process is carefully planned
when the terms are clear
when the observations and measurements are precise

22. “Falsifiability” “Testability”
Possible that the statement is FALSE?
Can the statement be tested?
“causation” vs. “correlation”

23. Political Science as a Discipline
American political behavior
American political institutions
American public policy
Comparative politics
International politics
Political theory
many other schemes for dividing Political Science exist

24. Chapter 3
The Modern State

25. “unit of analysis” “level of analysis”
group / family / friends
organizations
neighborhoods
towns / cities
regions / sections / districts
“sovereign” states
multi-state organizations
global

26. Development of the State
History, Napoleon & the “modern” state
Colonialism brought elsewhere
Hand & glove evolution:
*complex industry & commerce needed
the state & the state was invented;
*commerce & industry made controlling and taxing people easier enhancing the evolution of the state

27. Review … Need to generate “public goods” Government decisions on WHAT?
Government need for revenue to PAY
Creation of identity that could mobilize masses
Result: CONTROL by state

28. Public Goods emphasizes needs & choice …
something that benefits all members of the community but that no one can be prevented from using
test: whether it is impossible to deny it to any member of the group; if a public good is available to any,
it is available to all

29. “state” “sovereign state”
The political entity whose government has ultimate authority to make decisions binding upon all those within the boundaries of that entity
… country
not what Americans call “states”

30. “nation” Ethno-cultural identity of a group
Common culture, language, history,
religion, physical and/or behavioral
characteristics, race, images, myths
… a people
Commonness found “in the blood”
Essentially: emotional attachment

31. nation vs. state key: boundaries … “nation-state” “multi-state nation”
“multi-national state”
allegiance / identity to state:
PATRIOTISM
allegiance / identity to nation:
NATIONALISM

32. More State – Nation Distinctions
“State” as level of analysis vs. local
“State” as political identity
“State” as government authority
“Nation” as identity, based upon culture
Congruence? tension? (state vs. nation)
inclusive vs. exclusive
rational vs. emotional
integrating vs. disintegrating

33. GOVERNMENT and the State
The state’s principle actor is the government
government = a group of people who have the ultimate authority to act on behalf of the state
theory of the autonomous state = state acts without prodding from people in conflict or decision-making
civil society = organized and active part of society that is not controlled by government and whose objectives are self-identified
“the natural counterweight to government”
in affairs of the state

34. Challenges to the STATE “State-building”
Problems that transcend boundaries … “globalization”
environment
trade, economics, finance
security
communication

35. More challenges … Civil society: issues below the state radar
Pressures from “parts” seeking authority (autonomy)
Questions about “original” boundaries;
“our land”
“Failed States”
“Transitional States”

36. Alternatives … to the state
Regional integration:
European Union, NAFTA -- “macro-states”
United Nations Organization
Communications  world culture
“Emerging” (?) International Law

37. Examples: State-building
common 21st century phenomenon!
Nigeria (text) state vs. nation
European Union (text) institution-building
Iraq, Slovakia, Bosnia, Kosovo, Palestine, Palau, Ukraine, Puerto Rico, other …

38. Chapter 2
Modern Ideologies & Political Philosophy

39. “Ideology” philosophy: coherent set of ideas about
what ought to be (normative)
19th century idea:
people should determine their political fate
ideology = philosophy + instructions
 what people should do
to make it happen
“isms”

40. Uses of Ideology Simplify processing of ideas: filter
Connect people to other people
Umbrella for mobilization
Shorthand for packaging pol. ideas
Glue that ties ideas together
Guide decisions
ideology NOT static !

41. AMERICAN confusion! American ideologies:
“loosely organized, inconsistent, untidy”
… no internal coherence
… constantly migrating
shaped by squeezing into coalitions rather than by any intellectual reasoning

42. AMERICAN liberalism = government needs to be active in the
assistance it provides to those in need;
in course, providing services
aggressively defends freedom of expression
classically suspect of “elites”
exercising power

43. AMERICAN conservatism =
government should shrink from activities and permit authority to devolve ...
maintain an efficient, minimally regulated economy; fiscal prudence
advocate common morality &
common spirituality

44. “Classic” Ideologies Who Should Make Decisions?
LIBERALISM
develop individual capacities to the fullest
 American liberalism & conservatism = variants
CONSERVATISM
tradition, maintain ordered community,
press for common values
SOCIALISM liberalism but …
FASCISM conservatism but …
COMMUNISM depends on normative vs. empirical

45. Origins of Classic Liberalism
invented by intellectuals
result of general artistic & scientific restlessness
practical pressures from large scale commerce & industry

46. Principles … classic liberalism
People must be maximally responsible for their own actions and circumstances
Liberals see politics as choice
As many choices as possible should be kept private
The sphere of politics should be limited
Champion: John Stuart Mill

47. Origins of Modern Conservatism
reaction to the advent of Liberalism
rationale for maintaining traditional European political structures
rationale for maintaining centralization of power and military establishments
caution about transfer of political responsibility to the common man

48. Principles of Modern Conservatism
People must be maximally responsible for their own actions and circumstances
belief that society is MORE than the sum of the individuals in it
greatest good possible in community
order, structure, community and all things that reinforce and maintain it
web of social responsibilities
Champion: Edmund Burke

49. 21st Century Ideologies tendency to “blend” commitments
“post-material issues” & objectives
(the environment)
neo-liberalism & globalization (economics)
historical & religious sources of ideas …
(fundamentalism)
relevance of class
comfort with welfare state

50. The CLASSIC Ideological Continuum
LEFT________________________RIGHT
Liberal _________________Conservative
Anarchist _________________Monarchist
Locus of Power
Individual_____________ State
Choice ______________ Power

51. Juxtaposing ideologies ... Test your understanding: RIGHT or LEFT?
liberalism
conservatism
socialism
fascism
communism
(Marx’ concept)
(Stalin’s reality)
feminism
anarchism
environmentalism
militarism
Bureaucracy
/ governmentalism
Religion / spiritualism
Law / legalism
welfare
/ humanitarianism

52. American awkwardness …
Your text and large numbers of Americans and American scholars will suggest that “nationalism” is a “passionate identification” with the state. It is more useful, but not always possible, to use the terms in a way that enables comparative politics to differentiate identities found in many parts of our world. This is the distinction
offered on the previous slide.

53. Classic Conservative ideology emphasizes:
The importance of the maintenance of an ordered community and common values
The importance of individualism and freedom of choice
The importance of fiscal responsibility
The importance of limited government
The deterioration of human rights

54. Chapter 4
Policies of the State

55. How Much Do Governments Do?
What level of government activity do we find?
Do we find variation in terms of TYPES of policies?
How could we MEASURE how much government does?
# of policies, amount of money spent,
% of economic activity, or ?

56. In What Kind of System Does Government Grow?
large or small?
rich or poor?
socialist or capitalist?
democratic or non-democratic?
industrial or agricultural?
Asian, African, European,
North or South American?

57. How Big Is Government? Why?
Growth of government linked to:
Rise in wealth, revenue, capacity
Demands by the citizens
“Natural” bureaucratic tendencies
World more complicated place
Electoral politics
choice or power perspective?

58. Labeling what Governments Do
One scheme
transfer resources
provide subsidies
regulate
administer
Second scheme
rule-making
rule-application
rule adjudication
“capabilities”(functions)
extractive
distributive
symbolic
responsive

59. KINDS of policies made … variations and rankings
Education
Defense
Technology
Health
Social welfare
Industrial
Agricultural
Consumer
Tax
Environmental
Transportation
Energy
Social control
Fiscal/monetary
Political design
other

60. Other Queries … Does type of political system impact on
what policy areas receive attention?
What other variables could account for differences?
Relationship: how POWER is
distributed and resulting policy choices …
Solid analysis of policy requires both
choice and power perspectives

61. Challenges of Policy-making
Demographics & Aging
your decision?
“Economic” vs. “Human” Development
AIDS in Africa
Examine the basis for your positions …

62. What Lies Behind Policy: Questions of Justice and Effectiveness
Chapter 6
What Lies Behind Policy:
Questions of Justice and Effectiveness

63. Concept Review … EMPIRICAL – examines what IS NORMATIVE –
examines what OUGHT TO BE
Keep in focus with this chapter!

64. CHOICES: Justice How do we judge political systems?
… evaluate political systems?
Is one a normative question;
the other an empirical question?
JUSTICE & FAIRNESS same thing?
“people should be treated as they deserve”

65. The Right Thing … “Justice” equality or need or contribution ?
Substantive vs. procedural justice
What is “due process?”
not arbitrary
special basic rights (survive, free speech, privacy)
overriding social needs
DREAM or DOABLE? Normative or Empirical? end justifies the means?

66. CHOICES: Effectiveness
Equation:
greatest benefits; least cost
Complications? Doable?
? whose perspective ?
Subtlety:
What is government supposed to do?
Unintended consequences …

67. CHOICES: Modes of Decision
Authority-based vs. Market-based
Policy-making
Upside vs. downside of each mode
Radical vs. Incremental policy-making
Re-visit: Types of power; ideology;
equality; effectiveness
Your choices … ?

68. Policy-making in the REAL world
policy-making is ALWAYS complicated
complexity could paralyze a regime
policy-making requires constant reexamination
courage … choices might be “wrong”

69. Political Choice & Implications
Need-based Scholarships /
“Affirmative Action”
Water Pollution
Children as a “Collective Good”
Gender-based Pension payments

70. Chapter 8 How Individuals Relate to the State,
and the State to the Individual

71. AUTHORITY
Power to make policies based upon an institutionalized mechanism, procedure or by coercive force -- examples …?
Any limits to governmental authority?
Gov. authority = efficient & powerful
 once established, requires little investment
Authority, if widely accepted, is easier to exercise

72. LEGITIMACY
Belief by a large number of citizens that a particular government properly has authority
Individual or collective agreement that (1) a person or group has the right to issue certain sorts of commands and (2) that those commands shall be obeyed.
normative and tentative perception!

73. Sources of Legitimacy Legitimacy by RESULTS Legitimacy by HABIT
Legitimacy by IDENTITY
Legitimacy by PROCEDURES
Consider legitimacy of:
professor, mother, mayor, judge,
clergy, ambassador

74. More concepts … “democratic citizen” tolerance ? social capital
normative or empirical ?
tolerance ?
active participation ?
high level knowledge / interest ?
“varying” support for the state ?
social capital
reservoir of trust, efficacy & expectations

75. More concepts … political culture religion & political culture
texture of political society
religion & political culture
political socialization
process of political learning
“agents” of socialization

76. Authority & Legitimacy: Cases
German case
facts
trends
meaning ...
US contrast
causes ...

77. and the Design of Government
Chapter 9
Constitutions
and the Design of Government

78. Designs of Government principles of constitutional design:
constitution = set of rules by which power is distributed among the offices of government
variations in formality … virtue of vagueness
principles of constitutional design:
limit break with tradition
amendability (flexibility over time)
incentive compatibility

79. Distribution of Power geographic concentration of power
(a) centralized or de-centralized
(b) federal or unitary
focus: revenue and/or services?
conceptual difference: (a) vs. (b)
… four combinations
centralized federal; de-centralized federal;
centralized unitary; de-centralized unitary

80. “constitutionalism” form & function
commitment to rules, rights, laws
law constructed from constitutional values
constitutionalism = faithful adherence
to the letter and spirit of the constitution

81. Examples Text: United Kingdom, Russia Other cases worth investigating:
Bosnia, European Union, Costa Rica

82. Chapter 10
Elections

83. The appeal of elections
“elections” ooze legitimacy
… invite respectability
… cause many to assume democracy
… illuminate “choice”
… demonstrate “participation”
… actually serve many
non-democratic objectives

84. Elections functions: select leaders / policies mobilize; build support
tough questions:
Is the outcome in doubt?
Are the choices significantly different?
Do the mechanics of the elections
reinforce or undermine the
citizens’ choices?

85. Types choosing leadership or policies
typical labels: “election” “referendum”
Electoral systems: SMDP vs. PR
? mechanics, advantages, biases ?

86. Single member district plurality
SMDP: name provides detail …
Political system divided into districts
One winner in each district
Winner is the candidate with the largest number of votes
Upside: direct link – leader to constituency
Downside: lost voices of losers
Upside/downside: distribution of voters = crucial

87. Proportional Representation
PR: name provides detail …
a political system has x number of representatives to be elected.
all political parties create a composite list of their candidates (for all the seats)
if a political party gets ALL the votes, it gets all the seats
if it gets a percentage of the votes,
it gets that percentage of the seats

88. PR Upside: the pattern of votes cast by citizens is
reflected in the elected representatives; minorities have
a voice and all votes “count” wherever they may be
located
Downside: because names are taken from the
party lists (top to bottom order), folks in one place may
not perceive that they have a specific representative to
whom they can turn for service; party loyalty is
much more important to the leader in a PR system

89. Other dimensions … Referendum … more “democratic?”
more power, more choice?
more problems … ?
Participation … more “democratic?”

90. Electoral Participation
Who? logic? reasoning?
“paradox of voting”
no one who is sensible should vote
How much is “best?” comparing …
Bases for choices: long vs. short term
party, race, gender, age, region, language, ethnicity, economic role, other ?

91. Examples Text: Israel Nigeria Others worth investigating: Bosnia Iraq
Mexico

92. A Linking and Leading Mechanism in Politics
Chapter 11
Parties:
A Linking and Leading Mechanism in Politics

93. Political Parties
A group of officials or would-be officials who are linked to a sizable group of citizens in an organization designed to ensure that its officials gain or retain power.
FUNCTIONS: “linking & leading”

94. Specific functions: What does a “political party” do?
or would like to be able to do …
mobilization
recruitment
socialization
source of political identity
“channel of control”

95. Form & Function of Parties
Organizational structure
? impact on function
Financial structure: sources of revenue
government: “public funds”
foreign governments
private: individuals, groups, businesses
shadowy sources

96. Parties … “Iron Law of Oligarchy”
Party systems: Dominant Party Systems
Two Party Systems
Multi-Party Systems
Mass vs. Ideological Party systems
nature of appeal to members …
Examples: China; Canada

97. Interest Groups and Politics
Chapter 12
Structured Conflict:
Interest Groups and Politics

98. Interest Groups Definition: “workhorses of political advocacy”
alternate vehicle for representation
Barriers to effectiveness:
poor organization
priority voices (“disproportionate voices”)
interest distortion
Variation: (a) degree of organization
(b) degree of direct involvement in government

99. Collective Action Logic of Collective Action
collective goods vs. costs
factors that could draw membership to interest groups
size
selective incentives
coercion
relative muscle

100. Types, types, types Sectoral Institutional Promotional
Interest articulation
& interest aggregation
Anomic, revolutionary, other …

101. Tactics control of information & expertise
electoral support & activity
use of economic power
campaign contributions
public information campaigns
violence & disruption
litigation

102. Mechanics PLURALISM *competitive political environment
*level playing field for competing interest groups
NEO-CORPORATISM
*government solicits and institutionalizes
some voices, some interest groups
*preferential treatment
? Ombudsman
power & choice ...

103. complexities, hybrids, combinations France (text) Japan (text)
Examples:
complexities, hybrids, combinations
France (text)
Japan (text)
European Union (contrast)

104. Parliamentary Government
Chapter 14
National Decision-making Institutions:
Parliamentary Government

105. PARLIAMENTARY GOVERNMENT Characteristics
Elected parliament (often large)
Sovereign
Executive power in the Cabinet
Cabinet power ONLY as long as retains “confidence” (commands a majority of votes)
Cabinet members remain in parliament
PM can “dissolve” parliament

106. Some structural details
Head of State: formal, symbolic position
If a single party emerges from an election with a majority of seats, it will identify its leadership as the PM and cabinet; if a coalition is formed to establish a majority, a combination of leaders from various coalition partners will be positioned in the cabinet

107. Cabinet management & control
Policy agenda
Debates (real or ?)
Voting (pre-ordained ?)
Policy coherence …
Policy clarity …
Policy boldness …

108. Functions of PARLIAMENT
becomes the forum for public debate
government policies are scrutinized in advance of becoming policies
monitors the administration of policies
insures accountability via question time
enhances transparency by exposing
the policy process
testing ground for leadership

109. “Representation” DELEGATE mirror constituent views …
upside – downside?
TRUSTEE
invest in official’s judgment
What’s wrong with a “mix” or ambiguity?

110. Special features Accountability … “Question time”
must answer questions put to the leadership!
Parliamentary committees:
not generally autonomous / weak
Curbs & limits on Parliament
consensus parliamentarism
federal systems
autocratic systems

111. Advantages … Disadvantages
“power” (exec & leg power) is united enabling more quick and responsive policy-making
policy-making responsibility CLEAR
majority (coalition) CONTROL;
minority vulnerable/ignored
non-regular turnover … instability possible
added problems with “minority cabinet”

112. Presidential Government
Chapter 15
National Decision-making Institutions:
Presidential Government

113. Presidential Government
executive & legislature elected separately
shared responsibility … competition, conflict
role of parties different / less party discipline
different parties may occupy leg / exec
exec. & leg. claims of “representation”
cabinet tied to executive;
not linked to legislative success

114. Pres. & Parl. Systems Compared
policy leadership
identifying policy “responsibility”
making “comprehensive” policy
recruiting leadership
review & control
flexibility & fixed terms
separation: symbolic - political responsibilities
constitutional review

115. Characteristics: Presidential Systems
Presidential policy leadership
Unclear policy responsibility
Less comprehensive policy
Different kinds of leaders
Problems with review & control
No division of symbolic and power aspects of the executive office

116. For discussion: Greenstein’s Six Qualities of Leadership
proficiency as a public communicator
organizational capacity
political skill
vision
cognitive style
emotional intelligence
either system have edge?

117. Examples: Ch. 14 & 15 Parliamentary: India & Germany
Presidential: France & Mexico
? New insight into American system ?
What is the suggested relationship between constitutions, power and resources?

118. Democracy and Autocracy
Chapter 7
Democracy and Autocracy

119. Democracy defined
regime in which all fully qualified citizens vote at regular intervals to choose, from among alternative candidates, the people who will be in charge of setting a state’s policies
any ambiguity in this definition?
more than or less than thing?

120. Democracy What is the “democratic bargain?”
accept possibility of losing
expect to get something from the political process
More characteristics: critically appraise …
fragile, rich states/poor states, longevity,
sustainability, greater dignity for all citizens,
strong protection against arbitrary treatment

121. “Democracy”
VALUES Tolerance Obligation Voice Constraint Transparency Legitimacy

122. Trend? “Overall, there has been a clear movement toward democracy”
Third Wave -- wave of democratization
Transitions in Central & East Europe
Where is the threshold when new
systems have ENOUGH of the
characteristics to be considered
democracies?

123. Causes or catalysts? fatigue of authoritarian regimes
international pressure
protection from arbitrary treatment
desire for economic development

124. Lessons learned … creation of democracy and/or
continuation of democracy are NOT
necessarily natural or normal
democracies are harder to sustain
importance of pacts
(deal between democratizers and those replaced)

125. sudden changes (often not predicted)
economic crisis as stimulant
relationship: prosperity & democracy?
freedom & democracy?
capitalism & democracy?
? Participation, ? Pluralism, ? Tolerance

126. Autocracy
regime in which those who hold power did not gain power by any regular constitutional process and are not responsible in their exercise of power to any formal set of rules
are you comfortable with the level of focus and clarity of this concept?
Autocracy vs. Democracy
distinct categories or continuum?

127. Autocratic government
“Dictatorship,” “authoritarian,” “autocratic”
? Stability in democracy vs. autocracy
MILITARY Governments
“Coup”
fragile
short-lived: lack of legitimacy
ineptitude
internal disunity

128. One Party States one political PARTY: links -- government to people
more common than military government --
one political PARTY:
one avenue to power; one lever for exercising power
links -- government to people
arena for debate -- limited
facilitates leadership transition
relatively stable

129. Monarchies
regime where the power to rule is inherited through descent in a family
most exist in the Middle East & Asia
in “constitutional” monarchies, the power of the monarch is generally limited to symbolic functions

130. Theocracies
regime ruled by a set of religious leaders who derive their power from their positions in a religion; legitimacy stems from the religious faith of the governed
structures and procedures vary but a quality of all-knowing, un-challengable infallibility is common

131. Democracy vs. Autocracy
Economic growth
Quality of life
Power: exercised more by ?
Choice: more evident and frequent in ?

132. Lessons of history … Do revolutions bring democracy ? TEXT EXAMPLES –
Spain
Peru
Iran
OTHER EXAMPLES -- Vatican, Iraq, Cuba,
Switzerland, Japan
Do revolutions bring democracy ?

133. LAW
rules laid down by government, binding all members of the state, including members of the government itself
sets society’s norms and rules for behavior
sets rules by which individuals and groups must relate to each other

134. The LAW
Composite rules that reinforce the ‘community’ of people by uniform application of those rules
? Relationship: law & “freedom”
? LAW without authority (“international law”)
Courts: interpreting & adjudicating
prioritizing rules in the face of conflicts …

135. Legal Systems Case law; Code law blending pattern; convergence
Religious law: Sharia
Perspectives … thinking comparatively
contrast boundaries of the above …
law as power; law as choice

136. Modes of social control: law
The law could be understood as a mechanism by which government manages the governed; that is, as it exercises power.
An earlier chapter introduced concepts of fairness and efficiency. Two models of social control follow (“line” and “cloud”). Examine in terms of those criteria:
how arbitrary vs. how cost effective …

137. The LINE
Western systems of law require specificity, precision, clarity of rules
In a composite sense, laws specify the “line” between what one can and cannot do
In Western systems, persons are encouraged to ‘use’ all the latitude they are given
As a consequence, elaborates systems must be put in place to “guard” the line
i.e. social control

138. The CLOUD In Communist systems (and elsewhere)
rules are presented to the public in purposively ambiguous terms
Against the law to engage in “anti-system behavior;” or “hooliganism”
The “line” designating what you can or cannot do is embedded in a cloud that you cannot see into …
Result: given the uncertainty, you do not do anything that could be judged illegal
Consequence: highly efficient social control
citizens self-restraining their behaviors

139. Graphic: Line & Cloud `
illegal
behaviors
legal

140. The BIG Picture
Drawing thoughts from the whole text …

141. Seminal Questions Who has POWER? How do they exercise it?
Who has choice?
How is it framed?
How does the dynamic relationship between POWER & CHOICE
inform us about our world?

142. Final thought … Shively
“This book has emphasized the analysis of politics … I hope you will also remember the importance of passion and belief …”
Farkas
POWER & CHOICE provides you with all the tools you need to approach the complex political world of the 21st Century.

143. Homeostasis vs. flexibility
1. political systems change (adapt)
2. bureaucracy often most affected
3. once change imposed, bureaucracy reacts
4. homeostasis is the “natural” impulse to return procedures, policies, behaviors to their previous “steady-state.”
5. essentially, to minimize the impact of change
Correlation: larger the bureaucracy,
greater homeostatic tendency