1. CHINA
Public Policy

2. Democractic movements
“Fang-shou”
Economic reform
Democractic movements
Tightening –up by CCP

3. How Fang-shou works
Four modernizations Democracy Wall movement De-legalization of protest 2nd Revolution Student democracy protest Anti-bourgeois Liberalization Tiananmen Democracy Demonstration Tiananmen “massacre” Falon Gong demonstrations Outlaw of Falon Gong

4. DEMOCRACY & HUMAN RIGHTS FOREIGN POLICY & INTERNATIONAL TRADE
Types of policy issues
DEMOCRACY & HUMAN RIGHTS
ECONOMY
FOREIGN POLICY & INTERNATIONAL TRADE

5. DEMOCRACY & HUMAN RIGHTS

6. Democracy and Human Rights
Following in Deng’s footsteps
Jiang Zemin, president
Hu Jintao, pres. since 2003
Recent reforms
Some input from NPC
More emphasis on law and legal procedures
Semi-competitive village elections

7. Tiananmen Crisis
Demonstration in honor of death of Hu Yaobang, liberal
Turned into general protest all over China
Anti-corruption, pro-reform
Deng sent PLA, who shot into crowd
Fatalities
700 to several thousand?
RESULTING PRESSURE WORLWIDE –
HUMAN RIGHTS

8. Rule of Law
Law traditionally seen as bourgeoisie tool for suppression – NOT LEGITIMATE
Instead, RULE of PARTY CCP
Development of criminal law since 1978
Very harsh punishments
1982 Constitution
Authority of law

9. Civil Rights & Liberties
Much debated
Hu Yaobang reversed SARS coverup – more transparency
Still arrests of dissidents, strong internet regulations

10. ECONOMIC POLICY

11. From Mao to Deng Under Mao Since Deng
Command economy based on DEMOCRATIC CENTRALISM
The “iron rice bowl”
failed
Since Deng
Socialist market economy
Infusion of capitalism with state control

12. Agricultural Policy People’s communes Household responsibility system
Early policy
Collective farms people’s communes (thousands of families)
Little improvement
Household responsibility system
Replacement
Individual families responsible
After taxes and fees, can consume or sell

13. Private Business
As of 1988
Includes urban co-ops, service orgs, rural industries
Still regulated
More profitable than state enterprises
TVEs
Township & village enterprises
Rural factories, businesses, run by local gov’ts or individuals
Backbone of rural development

14. Economic issues today Unemployment, inequality
Floating population of rural workers to cities
Inefficiency of state enterprises, corruption
Pollution
Acid rain, largest producer of “greenhouse gasses”
Product safety
Toxic materials in toys, bogus pet food, faulty tires, unhealthy shellfish

15. FOREIGN POLICY & TRADE

16. Under Mao Providing support for third-world communist revolutions
Development aid (Korea, Vietnam)
Change in relations with USSR
From assistance to rivalry
Great Leap Forward and Cultural Revolution focused on the “Chinese way”

17. U.S./Chinese relations Under Mao, very weak and suspicious
1972 Nixon’s visit
Deng’s Open Door Policy
Today, U.S. imports more products than it exports ….. TRADE IMBALANCE
U.S. wants China to devalue its currency and stop illegal trade

18. International Trade & Business
SEZs – Special Economic Zones
Foreign investors given special tax rates in certain regions of China (urban)
Member of WTO, favored U.S. trade partner, in control of Hong Kong since 1997
Reform under Deng
Still cautious (fang-shou)
Patron-client system (guanxi) with entrepreneurs

19. Hong Kong “one country, two systems” 2003 incident
Since 1997, handed over from British
Capitalist, existing laws & civil liberties and way of life
2003 incident
Tung Chee-hwa sells gov’t-owned public housing without permission
Results in demonstrations for more representation, elected governor

20. Taiwan Chang Kai-shek’s refuge in communist revolution 1949
Until 1970s, recognized as representative for China
1979, PRC officially recognized
Taiwan as part of China
Insists historical and political sovereignty over Taiwan
Largest trade partner is still China

21. Current Policy Issues One China Policy One Child Policy
Taiwan/independence, US arms sales
One Child Policy
Until 2015, females neglected, aborted
Energy conservation
5 Yr. Plan, more investment, rejection by local gov’ts? Nuclear energy? Alternative energy
Lowering economic growth goals
Raise incomes, private businesses, decrease inflation
Internet policy – 220 mil. bloggers