1. CHAPTER 5
LANGUAGE

2. INTERESTING STATISTICS
Over 7,000 languages
100 spoken by at least 5 million
30% of U.S. graduates have 3 or more years of foreign language
Dutch are required to learn at least 2 languages in high school
17% of U.S. high school students have no foreign language at all
62% of Dutch students have learned at least 3 foreign languages

3. LANGUAGE Language - definition on p.146
Official language – used by government and for laws (ex. Street signs, money)
It is a HUGE part of culture (along with religion and ethnicity)
“To have another language is to possess a second soul” – Charlemagne
Sense of pride for people/nations
Distribution of languages is a result of past migrations
Geographers look at the similarity of languages to understand the diffusion and interaction of people around the world

4. LANGUAGE cont. Some languages (English) become global
Individual language vs. language family (know the difference and examples – p.147)

5. Where are English-Language Speakers Distributed?
ISSUE #1
Where are English-Language Speakers Distributed?

6. English Speaking Countries
Fig. 5-1: English is an official language in 50 countries, including some in which it is not the most widely spoken language. It is also used and understood in many others.

7. ENGLISH - ORIGINS 2nd most widely spoken language to…..?
English is globally distributed, unlike Mandarin
English is a Germanic language (it then mixed with French brought by Normans to create our “modern” English)
MANDARIN
ENGLISH

8. Invasions of England 5th - 11th centuries
Fig. 5-2: The groups that brought what became English to England included Jutes, Angles, Saxons, and Vikings. The Normans later brought French vocabulary to English. KNOW THIS

9. ENGLISH – DIALECTS (general)
Dialect – def. page 149
Dialects reflect distinctive features of the places people live
A result of migration (English has a LOT…..why?)
Dialect and Standard Language (ex. British Received Pronunciation)
What do you
call
this?

10. ENGLISH – DIALECTS (in England)
5 major dialects (Northern, East Midland, West Midland, Southwestern, Southeastern/Kentish)
- basically Northern, Midland and Southern
Standard Language (used by upper-class in London and what university cities?)
Printing press led to diffusion of the Standard dialect

11. Old & Middle English Dialects
Fig. 5-3: The main dialect regions of Old English before the Norman invasion persisted to some extent in the Middle English dialects through the 1400s.

12. DIFFRENCES BETWEEN BRITISH & AMERICAN ENGLISH
Isolation
Early colonists are most responsible for the dominant language patterns we see today in the U.S.
The Atlantic led to isolation (in terms of language) between the two, leading to differences in languages
3 main differences are in vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation
Role of Webster (agenda?)

13. DIALECTS IN THE U.S.
Originated due to different dialects among original settlers
Early settlers were clustered in:
New England (2/3 from SE England)
Mid Atlantic (N England, Ireland, Scots, German, Dutch, Swedish – most diverse of the 3 regions)
Southeast (1/2 from SE England)

14. DIALECTS IN THE U.S. cont.
Major dialect differences primarily on the East Coast
What is an isogloss?
Isoglosses separate the eastern U.S. into 3 major dialect regions:
Eastern
Midlands
Southern

15. Dialects in the Eastern U.S.
Fig. 5-4: Hans Kurath divided the eastern U.S. into three dialect regions, whose distribution is similar to that of house types (Fig. 4-9).

16. DIALECTS IN THE U.S. cont.
Regional pronunciation differences are more common than differences in word use
Westward movement of colonists diffused dialects to middle and western parts of the U.S.
Standard pronunciation of the West comes from the Mid-Atlantic states

17. Key Issue #1 Case Study True/False: Canada has two official languages
True/False: Most French speaking Canadians are clustered in Vancouver
Quebec was colonized by the French in the _____ century and captured by the British in 17____

18. Key Issue #1 Case Study
True/False: Canada has two official languages True (French and English)
True/False: Most French speaking Canadians are clustered in Vancouver – False (Quebec)
Quebec was colonized by the French in the _____ century and captured by the British in 17____ (17th century; 1763)

19. Why is English Related to Other Languages?
ISSUE #2
Why is English Related to Other Languages?

20. INDO-EUROPEAN FAMILY
English is part of the Indo-European language family (the largest language family in the world)
I-E is divided into 8 branches (see graphic organizer)

21. Indo-European Language Family
Fig. 5-5: The main branches of the Indo-European language family include Germanic, Romance, Balto-Slavic, and Indo-Iranian.

22. ORIGIN & DIFFUSION OF I-E
Proto-Indo-European - would be the common ancestral language (cannot be proven, why not?)
Evidence is “internal”
Theories about location and time period of P-I-E differ, two major are the Kurgan and Anatolian theories

23. ORIGIN & DIFFUSION OF I-E
KURGAN
ANATOLIAN
Homeland near steppes near border of Kazakhstan and Russia
About 4300 B.C.
Nomadic herders
Migrated westward through Europe and Eastern Siberia
conquered much of this area between 3500 B.C. – 2500 B.C.
Homeland in eastern Anatolia (think Turkey)
2,000 years before Kurgans, some say even earlier
Migrated westward through Greece through Europe and South Asia
Diffused through agricultural practices, not military conflict (as the Kurgans did)

24. Kurgan Theory of Indo-European Origin
Fig. 5-9: In the Kurgan theory, Proto-Indo-European diffused from the Kurgan hearth north of the Caspian Sea, beginning about 7000 years ago.

25. Anatolian Hearth Theory of Indo-European Origin
Fig. 5-10: In the Anatolian hearth theory, Indo-European originated in Turkey before the Kurgans and diffused through agricultural expansion.

26. Where are Other Language Families Distributed?
ISSUE #3
Where are Other Language Families Distributed?

27. INTRO
48% of the world’s population speaks an Indo-European language
2nd largest family is Sino-Tibetan
Superfamilies????
SUPER

28. Language Families of the World
Fig. 5-11: Distribution of the world’s main language families. Languages with more than 50 million speakers are named. Make sure you know the difference between family, branch and group and examples of each.

29. Major Language Families Percentage of World Population
Fig. 5-11a: The percentage of world population speaking each of the main language families. Indo-European and Sino-Tibetan together represent almost 75% of the world’s people.

30. Language Family Trees
Fig. 5-12: Family trees and estimated numbers of speakers for the main world language families. Trunks = family languages; Smaller branches = language branches; Leaves = individual languages

31. For detailed notes on Key Issue 3 refer to your graphic organizer.

32. Why Do People Preserve Local Languages?
ISSUE #4
Why Do People Preserve Local Languages?

33. PRESERVING LANGUAGE DIVERSITY
Extinct and nearly extinct (endangered) languages
Hebrew is a rare example of an extinct language that has been revived

34. Jerusalem Street sign
A street in Jerusalem was re-named New York after Sept. 11, The street name is shown in Hebrew, Arabic, and English

35. PRESERVING LANGUAGE & DIVERSITY cont.
CELTIC
Major language before Germanic “invasions”
divided into 2 branches
Efforts to preserved this endangered language
(examples of efforts?)

36. Ireland Road Signs
Road signs in Ireland are written in both English and Gaelic (Goidelic).

37. MULTILINGUAL STATES
Trouble can emerge on the border of regions speaking different languages
Belgium – southern speaks French while northern speaks Flemish
Compounded by economic and political differences

38. Language Divisions in Belgium
Fig. 5-16: There has been much tension in Belgium between Flemings, who live in the north and speak Flemish, a Dutch dialect, and Walloons, who live in the south and speak French.

39. Bookstore in Brussels, Belgium
The name of the bookstore is printed in both French (top) and Flemish (bottom).

40. MUTILINGUAL cont.
Switzerland – peacefully exists with multiple languages
Why? Decentralized government and use of voter referenda
4 official languages (German, French, Italian, Romansh)

41. Language Areas in Switzerland
Fig. 5-17: Switzerland remains peaceful with four official languages and a decentralized government structure.

42. ISOLATED LANGUAGES
No relation to others, not part of any language family
Arise through lack of interaction with speakers of other languages
Ex. Basque (Europe)
also look at Icelandic

43. GLOBAL DOMINANCE ENGLISH
English has become the language of int’l communication
Lingua franca (created to facilitate trade – history and meaning?)
Lingua franca vs. pidgin
Modern lingua franca languages: English, Swahili, Hindustani, Indonesian, Russian
500 million speak English as a second language

44. EXPANSION DIFFUSION of ENGLISH
LF’s have historically diffused through migration and conquest
Current spread of English is a result of expansion diffusion (spread of a trait through the snowballing effect of an idea rather than through the relocation of people)
Recent changes in English have been bottom up, historically they have been top down
modern ex. – Ebonics, Appalachia
the world
expansion diffusion

45. DIFFUSION of ENGLISH TO OTHER LANGUAGES
English has, more and more, become integrated with other languages
Franglais – combination of French and English
French pride detests spread of English
Extreme protection of French in Quebec

46. French-English Boundary in Canada
Fig. 5-18: Although Canada is bilingual, French speakers are concentrated in the province of Quebec, where 80% of the population speaks French.

47. French Signs in Québec City

48. DIFFUSION of ENGLISH TO OTHER LANGUAGES
Denglish – diffusion of English words into German
use of happy birthday
English has spread into other languages as well
ex. Baseball is beisboru in Japanese
Spanglish – combination of Spanish and English
28 million Hispanics speak Spanish in the U.S.
Includes the invention new words (ex. bipiar)
Widespread in popular culture such as music

49. Spanish Signs in New York City

50. Chapter 05: Review

51. 05.01 Which of the following will encompass the largest number of speakers?
1. Language family
2. Language branch
3. Individual language
4. Dialect
5. Language group

52. 05.01 Which of the following will encompass the largest number of speakers?
1. Language family
2. Language branch
3. Individual language
4. Dialect
5. Language group

53. 05.02 Which of the following is not a Romance language?
1. Portuguese
2. Italian
3. Spanish
4. German
5. French

54. 05.02 Which of the following is not a Romance language?
1. Portuguese
2. Italian
3. Spanish
4. German
5. French

56. 05.03 Which of the following language branches is not a member of the Indo-European language family?
1. Balto-Slavic
2. Celtic
3. Germanic
4. Greek
5. Caucasian

57. 05.03 Which of the following language branches is not a member of the Indo-European language family?
1. Balto-Slavic
2. Celtic
3. Germanic
4. Greek
5. Caucasian

59. 05.04 The ancestral roots of the English language have been traced back to present-day
1. France
2. Iceland
3. Finland
4. Denmark
5. Greece

60. 05.04 The ancestral roots of the English language have been traced back to present-day
1. France
2. Iceland
3. Finland
4. Denmark
5. Greece

61. 05.05 The second-most commonly spoken language in South America is
1. Portuguese
2. Spanish
3. French
4. English
5. Chinese

62. 05.05 The second-most commonly spoken language in South America is
1. Portuguese
2. Spanish
3. French
4. English
5. Chinese

63. 05.06 A creolized language is a local language mixed with
1. Another local language
2. At least 20% slang
3. The language of a colonial power
4. English
5. French

64. 05.06 A creolized language is a local language mixed with
1. Another local language
2. At least 20% slang
3. The language of a colonial power
4. English
5. French

65. 05.07 The most common language branch in eastern Europe is
1. Romance
2. West Germanic
3. Balto-Slavic
4. Greek
5. East Germanic

66. 05.07 The most common language branch in eastern Europe is
1. Romance
2. West Germanic
3. Balto-Slavic
4. Greek
5. East Germanic

67. 05.08 The primary reason why there are so many distinct languages in Africa is
1. The long periods of isolation between tribes
2. The policies of the European colonial powers
3. The migrations to Africa from Asia and Europe
4. The major religious differences between tribes
5. A cultural preference for languages that are unintelligible to others outside the immediate political unit

68. 05.08 The primary reason why there are so many distinct languages in Africa is
1. The long periods of isolation between tribes
2. The policies of the European colonial powers
3. The migrations to Africa from Asia and Europe
4. The major religious differences between tribes
5. A cultural preference for languages that are unintelligible to others outside the immediate political unit

69. 05.09 The predominant lingua franca today is
1. Swahili
2. Pidgin
3. Creole
4. French
5. English

70. 05.09 The predominant lingua franca today is
1. Swahili
2. Pidgin
3. Creole
4. French
5. English

71. 05.10 _________ is the native language of the largest number of people.
1. Hindi
2. English
3. Spanish
4. Mandarin
5. Russian

72. 05.10 _________ is the native language of the largest number of people.
1. Hindi
2. English
3. Spanish
4. Mandarin
5. Russian