New World Encounters Preconquest‒1608

New World Encounters Preconquest‒1608

New World Encounters, Preconquest‒1608
1.1 Native Americans Before the Conquest What explains cultural differences among Native American groups before European conquest? Conditions of Conquest How did Europeans interact with West Africans during the fifteenth through seventeenth centuries? 1.2

Europe on the Eve of Conquest What factors explain Spain’s central role in New World exploration and colonization? Spain in the Americas How did Spanish conquest of Central and South America transform Native American cultures? 1.3 1.4

The French Claim Canada What was the character of the French empire in Canada? The English Take Up the Challenge Why did England not participate in the early competition for New World colonies? 1.5 1.6

Video Series: Key Topics in U.S. History
A New World: To 1607 The First Americans The Expansion of Europe The Protestant Reformation Home

Diverse Cultures: Cabeza de Vaca’s Journey Through Native America
Europeans astonished by the diversity of Native peoples De Vaca shipwrecked in Florida in 1528 Met and lived among the Indians of twenty unique cultures Expanded New World narrative Explorers and conquerors such as de Vaca Placed experiences in an interpretative framework Lecture Outline: Europeans astonished by the diversity of Native Peoples De Vaca shipwrecked in Florida in 1528 Met and lived among the Indians of twenty unique cultures Encountered Apalachees of Florida, who cultivated maize, beans, and squash Indians of southeastern Texas—”People of the Figs” Indians who hunted bison in northern Mexico—“People of the Cows” Expanded New World narrative Explorers and conquerors such as de Vaca Heroic adventures Missionaries and soldiers shared Western civilization with New World Virgin land opened for development Flawed view Placed experiences in an interpretative framework Recaptured human dimensions of conquest and resistance Ordinary people Home

Lecture Outline: Image: Cabeza de Vaca and His Fellow Shipwreck Survivors - In 1528, a hurricane destroyed a fleet transporting over 300 Spanish soldiers from Florida to Cuba. Shipwrecked on the Florida coast, the survivors set out over land for Spain’s holdings in Mexico. Eight years later, only Cabeza de Vaca and three companions survived to stumble into the Spanish outpost at Culiacán. Home

Native Americans Before the Conquest
The Environmental Challenge: Food, Climate, and Culture Aztec Dominance Eastern Woodland Cultures Learning Objective: What explains cultural differences among Native American groups before European conquest? Home

Peopling of America began thousands of years ago 15,000‒20,000 years ago Environmental factors Last Ice Age Land bridge ‒ Beringia Paleo-Indians Took place over long time Lecture Outline: Peopling of America began thousands of years ago 15,000‒20,000 years ago Environmental factors Last Ice Age Cooler climate Glaciers extended far to the south Land bridge ‒ Beringia Connected Asia and North America Paleo-Indians Pursued giant mammals across tundra Small bands – no common identity Stone Age tools Communicable diseases gone Fewer epidemics Smallpox, measles Physical isolation Theory – no contact with domestic animals to spread microbes Took place over long time Key Terms: Beringia: Land bridge formerly connecting Asia and North America that is now submerged beneath the Bering Sea. Native Americans Before the Conquest

The Environmental Challenge: Food, Climate, and Culture
04/06/98 Native Americans enjoyed an abundant supply of meat Rapid population growth Indians adjusted to changing environment New food sources - Agricultural Revolution Shift from nomadic hunting and gathering to permanent villages Diversity of cultures Lecture Outline: Native Americans enjoyed an abundant supply of meat Rapid population growth Coincided with loss of many large mammal species Mammoths, mastodons, camels, horses Overhunting may have caused the extinction Climatic warming probably played a much bigger role Well-watered areas transformed into arid territories Especially in urban centers Southwest and Mississippi Valley Indians adjusted to changing environment New food sources – Agricultural Revolution Smaller mammals, fish, nuts, and berries 7,000 years ago—Agricultural Revolution Crops: maize, squash, beans Shift from nomadic hunting and gathering to permanent villages New technology Ceramics for storing grain Hierarchy developed – social classes Diversity of cultures Inuit in far north Kayaks to travel and hunt seals Great Plains and elsewhere Combined agriculture with hunting Some permanent villages with seasonal hunting camps Annual burning of grasslands Southwest Pueblo villages Irrigation canals Required complex society Key Terms: Agricultural Revolution: The gradual shift from hunting and gathering to cultivating basic food crops that occurred worldwide from 7,000 to 9,000 years ago. Native Americans Before the Conquest 2 2 2 2

Lecture Outline: Image: Map 1.1 Routes of the First Americans - The peopling of North America began about 20,000 years ago, during the last Ice Age, and continued for millennia. Native Americans Before the Conquest

Aztec Dominance 04/06/98 More complexity in Mexico and Central America developed Inca – area of Ecuador, Peru, and northern Chile Mayan and Toltec – Central Mexico Aztecs - valley of Mexico Lecture Outline: More complexity in Mexico and Central America developed Inca – area of Ecuador, Peru, and northern Chile Mayan and Toltec – Central Mexico Traits common to Inca and Mayan Cities Government bureaucracies Large tributary populations Hieroglyphic writing Accurate solar calendar Aztecs ‒ valley of Mexico Center of large, powerful empire Highly organized social and political structure Ruled through fear and force Human sacrifice – ceremonies tied to agricultural cycle Native Americans Before the Conquest 3 3 3 3

Lecture Outline: Image: The Aztecs - This image from the Codex Magliabechiano depicts Aztec priests engaged in human sacrifice. Native Americans Before the Conquest

Eastern Woodland Cultures
04/06/98 Atlantic coast of North America Native Americans lived in smaller bands Identified by ethnographers as Eastern Woodland Cultures Dispersed in winter, but formed villages during summer Agriculture supplemented by hunting and gathering Likely were the first natives encountered by English settlers Lecture Outline: Atlantic coast of North America Native Americans lived in smaller bands Identified by ethnographers as Eastern Woodland Cultures Dispersed in winter, but formed villages during summer Agriculture supplemented by hunting and gathering Women grew maize and other crops Men hunted and fished Likely were the first natives encountered by English settlers Key Terms: Eastern Woodland Cultures: Term given to Indians from the Northeast region who lived on the Atlantic coast and supplemented farming with seasonal hunting and gathering. Native Americans Before the Conquest 4 4 4 4

Eastern Woodland Cultures (continued)
04/06/98 Algonquian-speaking people North Carolina to Maine Exploited different resources and had different dialects Shared many cultural values and assumptions Kinship important Reciprocal relationships Wars rarely very lethal Lecture Outline: Algonquian-speaking people North Carolina to Maine Powhatan of Tidewater, Virginia, area Narragansett of Rhode Island Abenaki of northern New England Exploited different resources and had different dialects No strong ties of mutual identity Allied with Europeans against other Algonquian speakers Shared many cultural values and assumptions Kinship important Economic and political relations Matrilineal Women owned fields, houses, role in government Patrilineal More common in northern Great Lakes Reciprocal relationships In diplomacy, trade, and war Chains of authority loosely structures Strong public speakers - persuasive Wars rarely very lethal Revenge for insult or death of a relative Secured captives Tortured to death Adopted into community to replace fallen relatives Fatalities led to revenge Native Americans Before the Conquest 4 4 4 4

Discussion Question What explains cultural differences among Native American groups before European conquest? Lecture Outline: Twenty thousand years ago, Paleo-Indians crossed into North America from Asia. During the migrations, they divided into distinct groups, often speaking different languages. The Agricultural Revolution sparked population growth, allowing some groups, such as the Aztecs, to establish complex societies. The Eastern Woodland Indians, who lived along the Atlantic coast, had just begun to practice agriculture when the Europeans arrived. Native Americans Before the Conquest

Conditions of Conquest
West Africa: Ancient and Complex Societies Cultural Negotiations in the Americas Threats to Survival: Columbian Exchange Learning Objective: How did Europeans interact with West Africans and Native Americans during the fifteenth through seventeenth centuries? Home

Portuguese exploration Fifteenth century Sea route – around Africa Christopher Columbus Sailing for Spain Headed west across Atlantic Encountered new and ancient cultures Experienced change Lecture Outline: Portuguese exploration Fifteenth century Sea route – around Africa Direct trading with Asia Bypassed Middle Eastern middle men Christopher Columbus Sailing for Spain Headed west across Atlantic Sought new route to eastern markets Encountered new and ancient cultures Experienced change Conditions of Conquest

West Africa: Ancient and Complex Societies
Europeans encountered different cultures Islam Political systems Portuguese search for gold and slaves African trade regulations Europeans lacked options Slaves Lecture Outline: Europeans encountered different cultures Islam Had spread into West Africa Expanded trade networks Camel caravans – exchanged gold and slaves Political systems Spoke many languages Ancient empires Loose control over large areas Example – Ghana, Mali, Benin, Kongo Vulnerable to attack and internal rebellion Rise and fall of several kingdoms Stateless societies Autonomous communities Lineage structures – similar to Native American cultures Portuguese search for gold and slaves African trade regulations Paid tolls and fees Restricted conduct of business Small forts or castles on coast Used local African currencies Europeans lacked options African states – armies Dangerous to enter interior Diseases – malaria and yellow fever Slaves War captives Judicial practices Manipulated to supply slaves to Europeans By 1650 – most slaves went to New World rather than Middle East Before New World Portuguese purchased almost 1,000 slaves per year Sugar plantations of Atlantic islands Similar conditions to slave labor later used in American colonies 1650 to 1831 – more Africans than Europeans came to America Conditions of Conquest

Lecture Outline: Image: Map 1.3 Trade Routes in Africa - This map of African trade routes in the 1600s illustrates the existence of a complex economic system. Conditions of Conquest

Cultural Negotiations in the Americas
Arrival of Europeans changed Native American cultures Different rates at different locations Native American responses Trade Exchanged beaver skins for metal items Cultural seminars Lecture Outline: Arrival of Europeans changed Native American cultures Different rates at different locations Atlantic coast – immediate pressure Inland groups – more time to adjust Native American responses Held own in early exchanges Accepted trade goods Resisted other aspects of European culture Curiosity and surprise Trade Exchanged beaver skins for metal items Saw advantage of guns Metal knives – daily tasks easier Beaver skins seen as abundant Native Americans thought they were getting a good deal Cultural seminars Europeans encountered Indian customs Drove hard bargains Demanded gifts Set time and place of trade Conditions of Conquest

Cultural Negotiations in the Americas (continued)
Cultural differences Language “Civilized” Indians rejected European values Lecture Outline: Cultural differences Language Communication difficult Misunderstandings Thought Indians held them in high regard Thought Indians had no religion Projected what they wanted to hear rather than what was said “Civilized” Dressed like colonists Attended white schools Stuffy classrooms stifling Leaders found educated Indians unable to carry out Native American lifestyle Lived in permanent structures Accepted Christianity Some attracted to it Native men who traded animal skins more receptive More frequent contact with Europeans Most paid lip service or found it irrelevant to needs Women guarded traditional culture Polygamy Woman authority of food in village = power Matrimony Marriage more with French and Spanish than English European usually lived among Indians Enslavement Unsuccessful Indian slaves ran away or died Indians rejected European values Conditions of Conquest

Threats to Survival: Columbian Exchange
04/06/98 Cooperative encounters fewer over time European land use Native Americans eager for trade Dependent on, indebted to, Europeans Native American population declined Cause: lack of resistance to disease Effects Columbian Exchange Plants, animals, disease Lecture Outline: Cooperative encounters fewer over time European land use Europeans did not understand Indians’ relationship to nature English cleared land and built fences Interfered with supply of animals Native Americans eager for trade Dependent on, indebted to, Europeans Led to further depletion of animal population Violence led to suspension of trade Indians grown dependent on guns and ammunition Native American population declined Cause: lack of resistance to disease Smallpox, measles, influenza Alcoholism Europeans no knowledge of germ theory Rate as high as 95 percent Effects Decreased supply of indigenous laborers Sought substitute labor force in Africa Survivors of epidemics unraveled traditional culture Questioned traditional religious beliefs and practices Refugee Indians absorbed into healthier groups Columbian Exchange Plants, animals, disease Key Terms: Columbian Exchange: The exchange of plants, animals, and diseases between Europe and the Americas from first contact throughout the era of exploration. Conditions of Conquest 7 7 7 7

Table 1.1 New Opportunities, New Threats: The Columbian Exchange
Lecture Outline: Image: Table 1.1 New Opportunities, New Threats: The Columbian Exchange Conditions of Conquest

Discussion Question How did Europeans and Native Americans interact during the period of first contact? Lecture Outline: Native Americans initially welcomed the opportunity to trade with the Europeans. The newcomers insisted on “civilizing” the Indians. Neither Christianity nor European-style education held much appeal for Native Americans, and they resisted efforts to transform their cultures. Contagious Old World diseases, such as smallpox, decimated the Indians, leaving them vulnerable to many forms of cultural imperialism. Conditions of Conquest

Europe on the Eve of Conquest
Spanish Expansion The Strange Career of Christopher Columbus Learning Objective: What factors explain Spain’s central role in New World exploration and colonization? Home

04/06/98 Tenth century – Vikings in New World Eric the Red in Greenland Leif Ericson settled “Vinland” Outposts difficult to maintain Lecture Outline: Tenth century – Vikings in New World Eric the Red in Greenland Leif Ericson settled “Vinland” Outposts difficult to maintain Poor lines of communication Climatic cooling Political upheavals in Scandinavia Europe on the Eve of Conquest 12 13 13 13

Lecture Outline: Image: L’Anse aux Meadows - Located on Newfoundland, L’Anse aux Meadows was the site of a Norse settlement. Europe on the Eve of Conquest

Spanish Expansion Spain became a world power Centralized political authority Geographic knowledge Religious connection Catholic rulers – strongly religious Reconquista – conquistadores Canary Islands Conquered before West Indies Models of subjugation Lecture Outline: Spain became a world power Centralized political authority Unified under Ferdinand and Isabella Geographic knowledge Religious connection Catholic rulers – strongly religious Reconquista – conquistadores Expelled Jews and Moors (Spanish Muslims) Conquistadores Eager for personal glory and material gain Loyal to crown Religious Canary Islands Conquered before West Indies Models of subjugation Sugar plantations African slaves Key Terms: conquistadores: Sixteenth-century Spanish adventurers, often of noble birth, who subdued the Native Americans and created the Spanish empire in the New World. Europe on the Eve of Conquest

The Strange Career of Christopher Columbus
Born in Italy, humble parents Educated, mastered geography Desire to voyage west to reach Cathay Portuguese rejected Columbus’s plan Spain’s Isabella and Ferdinand financed trip Lecture Outline: Columbus Born in Italy, humble parents Educated, mastered geography Desire to voyage west to reach Cathay Portuguese rejected Columbus’s plan Spain’s Isabella and Ferdinand financed trip Columbus played on rivalry between Spain and Portugal Europe on the Eve of Conquest

The Strange Career of Christopher Columbus (continued)
Journeys of Columbus initial voyage Three subsequent voyages to find cities of China Never found treasure he was seeking died clinging to belief he had reached the Orient Amerigo Vespucci America named after him Lecture Outline: Journeys of Columbus initial voyage Three ships: the Niña, the Pinta, and the Santa Maria Knew the world was round Incorrectly estimated distance to Asia Reached Bahamas – believed he had reached Asia Called Native Americans “Indians” Three subsequent voyages to find cities of China Never found treasure he was seeking died clinging to belief he had reached the Orient Amerigo Vespucci America named after him Europe on the Eve of Conquest

Discussion Question What factors explain Spain’s central role in New World exploration and colonization? Lecture Outline: The unification of Spain under Ferdinand and Isabella, and the experience of the Reconquista, provided Spain with advantages in its later conquest of the New World. The Spanish Crown supported the explorations of Christopher Columbus, who thought he had discovered a new route to Asia. His voyages gave the Spanish a head start in claiming American lands. Europe on the Eve of Conquest

Spain in the Americas The Conquistadores: Faith and Greed
From Plunder to Settlement Learning Objective: How did Spanish conquest of Central and South America transform Native American cultures? Home

Spain in the Americas Conflict between Portugal and Spain
Both sought treasure in Asia Treaty of Tordesillas Lecture Outline: Conflict between Portugal and Spain Both sought treasure in Asia Treaty of Tordesillas Pope Alexander I negotiated settlement Divided world exploration between Spain and Portugal Western areas to Spain Eastern areas to Portugal Brazil is east of the line of demarcation Key Terms: Treaty of Tordesillas: Spain and Portugal signed this treaty in The treaty formally recognized a bull issued by Pope Alexander VI the previous year that had divided all newly discovered lands outside of Europe between these two Catholic nations. Spain in the Americas

The Conquistadores: Faith and Greed
Conquistadores in the Caribbean Did not desire permanent society Sought instant wealth – gold Hernán Cortés Conquered Aztec in Mexico Lecture Outline: Conquistadores in the Caribbean Did not desire permanent society Sought instant wealth – gold Hernán Cortés Conquered Aztec in Mexico Aztec leader – Montezuma Allied with tributary people Technological superiority Guns Horses Psychological advantage Thought Spaniards were gods Spain in the Americas

From Plunder to Settlement
04/06/98 Encomienda system Rewarded conquistadores Brought them under royal authority Large land grants and Indians Crown control of colonies Correspondence Appointed officials answered only to crown Lecture Outline: Encomienda system Rewarded conquistadores Brought them under royal authority Large land grants and Indians Indian inhabitants provided labor or tribute Must provide legal protection and religious guidance to Indians Crown control of colonies Correspondence Duplicated documents Much concerning mundane matters Up to a year for responses Appointed officials answered only to crown Key Terms: encomienda system: An exploitive system by Spanish rulers that granted conquistadores control of Native American villages and their inhabitants’ labor. Spain in the Americas 17 18 18 18

From Plunder to Settlement (continued)
04/06/98 Catholic Church Dominicans and Franciscans Protected Indian rights Performed mass conversions Virgin of Guadalupe Source of precious metals Tons of gold and silver Lecture Outline: Catholic Church Dominicans and Franciscans Missions throughout New Spain Protected Indian rights Fra Bartolomé de las Casas Led to debate and reform Performed mass conversions Virgin of Guadalupe Blending of cultures Source of precious metals Tons of gold and silver Spurred inflation Funded European wars Spain became dependent on shipments Key Terms: Virgin of Guadalupe: Apparition of the Virgin Mary that has become a symbol of Mexican nationalism. Spain in the Americas 17 18 18 18

How Did Global Exploration Change the Old and New Worlds?
What global trade routes existed in the Old World prior to the Age of Global Exploration? In what ways were societies in the Americas interrelated before the arrival of the Europeans? How did the new trans-Atlantic trade connect different parts of the world? Spain in the Americas

Spain in the Americas Lecture Outline:
Image: Custom of the Indians - This woodcut of Italian origin and dating from about 1500 is believed to be the first European depiction of Native Americans in the New World. Spain in the Americas

Spain in the Americas Link to MyHistoryLab asset:
Read the Document, “Jacques Cartier, First Contact with the Indians (1540)” Lecture Outline: Image: Map 1.4 Voyages of European Exploration - New World discovery sparked intense competition among the major European states. Spain in the Americas

Spain in the Americas Lecture Outline:
Image: Indian Slaves - In 1595, Theodore de Bry depicted the harsh Spanish labor discipline on a sugar plantation on the Island of Hispaniola. Spain in the Americas

Spain in the Americas Link to MyHistoryLab asset:
Read the Document, “Bartolome de Las Casas, The Devastation of the Indies (1565)” Lecture Outline: Image: The Virgin of Guadalupe - The Virgin of Guadalupe, depicted here in a 1531 representation, is a popular religious symbol of Mexico. Like the Indian Juan Diego, to whom she is said to have appeared and offered comfort, the Virgin is dark-skinned. Spain in the Americas

Discussion Question How did Spanish conquest of Central and South America transform Native American cultures? Lecture Outline: Spanish conquistadores conquered vast territories in the Caribbean, Mexico, and Central and South America during the sixteenth century. Catholic missionaries followed the conquistadors to convert the Indians to Christianity. Although the Spanish conquerors cruelly exploited the Indians as laborers, intermarriage between the groups soon led to the creation of a new culture blending Spanish and Indian elements. Spain in the Americas

The French Claim Canada
04/06/98 Jacques Cartier – 1534 exploration Saint Lawrence River Discouraged by harsh winters 1608 – Samuel de Champlain Founded Québec French in New World Stated goals Relations with Native Americans Coureurs de bois Flaws Learning Objective: What was the character of the French empire in Canada? Lecture Outline: Jacques Cartier – 1534 exploration Saint Lawrence River Traveled as far as Montreal Discouraged by harsh winters 1608 – Samuel de Champlain Founded Québec French in New World Stated goals Search for wealth Convert Indians to Christianity Relations with Native Americans Viewed natives as economic partners Trading in furs with Indian hunters and trappers French traders lived among the Indians Often took Indian wives Coureurs de bois Coureurs de bois: Fur trappers Traveled into the interior Mississippi Valley Louisiana Missionaries Jesuits and the Recollects Converted more Indians than English counterparts to the south Lived among Indians and learned their language Flaws Crown indifferent to Canadian affairs Royal officials received limited support Cold, inhospitable geographic area Few settlers Men outnumbered women Limited new families Imports and exports had to go through Quebec Crown officials controlled trade Rewarded court favorites with monopolies Political tension Hindered economic growth Key Terms: coureurs de bois: Fur trappers in French Canada who lived among the Native Americans. Home 18 19 19 19

The French Claim Canada
Discussion Question What was the character of the French empire in Canada? Lecture Outline: The French in Canada focused on building a trading empire rather than on settlement. The coureurs de bois and Catholic missionaries lived among the Indians and learned their languages and customs. French explorers followed the extensive river networks of North America and laid claim to vast stretches of land along the St. Lawrence and Mississippi Rivers. The French Claim Canada

The English Take Up the Challenge
Birth of English Protestantism Religion, War, and Nationalism Learning Objective: Why did England not participate in the early competition for New World colonies? Home

04/06/98 John Cabot First recorded transatlantic voyage for England Claimed New World territory under Henry VIII (r. 1509–1547) English interest in New World wanes Preoccupied with domestic and religious concerns at home Lecture Outline: John Cabot First recorded transatlantic voyage for England Earlier unrecorded visits in 1480s possible Rich fishing areas in Nova Scotia and Newfoundland Sought northwest passage to Asia Claimed New World territory under Henry VIII (r. 1509–1547) English interest in New World wanes Preoccupied with domestic and religious concerns at home The English Take Up the Challenge 19 20 20 20

Birth of English Protestantism
04/06/98 England in late fifteenth century Henry VII brought peace from civil war Many powerful magnates Internal diplomacy Protestant Reformation European Protestants against Catholics Monarchy Anticlericalism New ideas Lecture Outline: England in late fifteenth century Henry VII brought peace from civil war Little allegiance to the pope Not a crusader for Catholicism Many powerful magnates Paid scant attention to royal authority Maintained armed retainers King had no standing army and small navy Internal diplomacy 1509 – alliance between Spain and England Future King Henry VIII married Catherine of Aragon, daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain Limited rights to trade in Spain’s American colonies English attempt to colonize in New World would threaten alliance Protestant Reformation European Protestants against Catholics English reconsidered relationship with Spain Monarchy Growth of nationalism Developed stronger central authority Anticlericalism People resented paying monies to pope in Rome Criticism of clergy grew Cardinal Thomas Wolsey Flaunted wealth Symbol of corruption Parish priests ridiculed Ignorant of theology Lined owned pockets King Henry VIII Wanted to divorce wife, Catherine of Aragon Only a daughter, Mary, no sons Needed male heir Blocked by Spanish Seen as humiliating King fell in love with Anne Boleyn, who became second wife Daughter, Elizabeth Severed all ties with the pope Seized church lands Dissolved monasteries Assumed head of new Church of England Many Catholic ceremonies survived New ideas 1539 – English translation of the Bible appeared in print Latin only before this time Language of educated elite Ordinary people could read the Bible Period of instability Political changes Edward VI was sickly child, militant Protestants took control Moved to remove all vestiges of Catholicism Mary I took the throne Loyal to Catholic faith Protestants executed or fled Elizabeth I Beginning of true colonization of New World Established unique church Catholic in ceremony and government, but Protestant in doctrine Key Terms: Protestant Reformation: Sixteenth-century religious movement to reform and challenge the spiritual authority of the Roman Catholic Church. The English Take Up the Challenge 21 21 21 21

Link to MyHistoryLab asset: Read the Document, “Henry VII, Letters of Patent Granted to John Cabot (1496)” Lecture Outline: Image: Henry Seizes the Throne - King Henry VII’s seizure of the throne of England in 1485 brought an end to a series of civil wars that had torn England apart for almost 30 years. Along with bringing stability to the kingdom, Henry VII also established England’s first claims to the Americas by sponsoring the explorations of Captain John Cabot. The English Take Up the Challenge

Religion, War, and Nationalism
04/06/98 Elizabeth the symbol of English, Protestant nationhood Sea Dogs’ seizure of Spanish treasure made them English heroes The Spanish Armada Philip II – invaded England 1588 – Spanish Armada defeated Sir Walter Raleigh Roanoke Lecture Outline: Elizabeth the symbol of English, Protestant nationhood Sea Dogs’ seizure of Spanish treasure made them English heroes Sir Francis Drake and Sir John Hawkins The Spanish Armada Philip II – invaded England 1588 – Spanish Armada defeated Sir Walter Raleigh Roanoke Settlement in North America Under command of John White Doomed Poor planning Preparation for war with Spain Hostilities with Native Americans Settlers disappeared Key Terms: The Spanish Armada: Spanish fleet sent to invade England in 1588. The English Take Up the Challenge 22 23 23 23

Discussion Question Why did England not participate in the early competition for New World colonies? Lecture Outline: During the early 1500s, religious turmoil occupied the full attention of England’s monarchs. After ascending the throne in 1558, Queen Elizabeth I ended internal religious struggle by establishing an English Church that was Protestant in doctrine but Catholic in ceremony. Under Elizabeth, English nationalism merged with anti-Catholicism in a campaign to challenge Spanish control of the Americas. The English Take Up the Challenge

Conclusion: Campaign to Sell America
04/06/98 By 1600, no English settlements in New World Richard Hakluyt advertised benefits of American colonization Lecture Outline: By 1600, no English settlements in New World Richard Hakluyt advertised benefits of American colonization Claimed that England needed American colonies Edited to persuade readers Paid little attention to Native Americans and African slaves in account 26 25 25 25

New World Encounters Preconquest‒1608

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