1. CELL BIOLOGY (C)-2010 National Bio Rules Committee Chairman
KAREN LANCOUR
National Bio Rules
Committee Chairman

2. Cell Biology (C) Competition – topics chart
Process Skills - observations, inferences, predictions, data analysis, and calculations
Event Parameters – be sure to check the rules for resources allowed and safety goggles required.

3. Training Materials Training Handout – content
Event Supervisor Guide – sample stations, process skills, methods
Internet Resource – links to on-line courses, lab manuals, notes, sites
Sample Tournaments – sample stations with key

4. Topics - Regional and State
Biological monomers and polymers also HDL & LDL pH
Enzymes
Cell organelles/structures and their functions
Differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells
QUALITATIVE aspects of photosynthesis and respiration
Membrane structure and function
Movement across membranes
Importance of ATP
Structure of viruses
Cell cycle and mitosis
Chromosome Structure
Fermentation Products and their uses

5. Topics – Nationals All of topics from state and regional plus:
Cell communication and membrane receptors
Apoptosis
Enzyme inhibition
Stem cell concepts and uses
Viral replication
C3 vs. C4 vs. CAM plants
Consequences of changes in protein shape
Cancerous vs normal cells
Genomics
Bioethics relating to above topics

6. Monomers and Polymers simple sugar (monosaccharide) polysaccharide
example
Reagents
simple sugar
(monosaccharide)
polysaccharide
starch, cellulose,
glycogen (animal)
Benedicts-glucose
Iodine-starch
amino acid
protein, polypeptide
hair, enzyme,
hemoglobin, insulin
Ninhydrin,
Biuret
nucleotide
nucleic acid
DNA, RNA
methyl green
fatty acid/glycerol
fat or tri glyceride
cooking oil, butter
grease test with
brown paper

7. pH Hydrogen ion concentration Liquid may be acid, base or neutral
7 is neutral
Below 7 is acidic
Above 7 is basic
Logarithmic
Buffers in cells

8. Enzymes Catalysts Made of Protein May have non-protein parts
Lower Activation Energy
Not changed during reaction
Enzyme-substrate complex
Inhibition – Competitive and noncompetitive

9. Plant Cell – Special Features
Cell wall – protection and support
Chloroplast - for photosynthesis
Large central vacuole-
for storage and increase surface area

10. Animal Cell

11. Nucleus Nuclear envelope – double membrane chromatin – DNA RNA
nucleolus – Ribosome sub-units

12. Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic
Prokaryotic – single cell with nuclear material but no nuclear membrane or membrane bound organelles
Eukaryotic – most cells – with organized nucleus and membrane bound organelles

13. Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis – Trapping of sunlight energy followed by its conversion to chemical energy (ATP, NADPH, or both) and then synthesis into sugar phosphates which convert into sucrose, cellulose, starch, and other end products. It is the main pathway by which energy and carbon enter the food webs.

14. Cell Respiration
Cellular Respiration - Organic substances are broken down to simpler products with the release of energy which is incorporated into special energy-carrying molecules (ATP) and is eventually used for metabolic processes. All cells carry on some form of cellular respiration. Most plants and animals require oxygen.
NOTE: The amount of NET ATP production varies from cell to cell.

15. Fermentation Products and their Uses
Carbon dioxide – bread making
Alcohol – wine making and brewing
Lactic Acid – lactic acid bacteria ferment milk into products as yogurt

16. Cell Membrane

17. Osmosis

18. Animal Cells – in different solutions

19. Plant Cells – Turgor Pressure and Plasmolysis

20. Passive Transport – no energy used

21. Active Transport – uses energy

22. Endocytosis and Exocytosis

23. Importance of ATP Energy storage chemical for cell processes
Most of ATP is produced via electron transport chain
Main reason that cells need oxygen: to allow them to make lots of ATP
Involved in both photosynthesis and respiration

24. Structure of Viruses Non-cellular infectious agent
Composed of DNA or RNA and a protein coat
Replicates only after its genetic material enters a host cell
Subverts the host’s metabolic machinery

25. Cell Cycle G1 Phase – high rate of biosynthesis and growth
S Phase – DNA content doubles and chromosomes replicate
G2 Phase - final preparations for Mitosis
M Phase – Mitosis and Cytokinesis

26. Mitosis
Prophase – chromatid pairs coil up, spindle forms, nuclear membrane dissolves, chromatid pairs attach to spindle fibers (microtubules)
Metaphase – chromatid pairs move to the equator, chromatid pairs align at the equator
Anaphase – chromatids separate into individual chromosomes, chromosomes are pulled apart toward the equator by the spindle fibers (microtubules)
Telophase - chromosomes uncoil, spindle dissolves, nuclear membrane reforms
Cytokinesis – division of the cytoplasm to make two new cells

27. Chromosome Structure Nuclesosomes Solenoid c. Chromatin fiber
d. Metaphase chromosomes

28. Fermentation products and uses
Lactic Acid Fermentation
yogurt, cheese, sauerkraut, and pickles
muscle cells can also use fermentation for a quick burst of energy
Alcoholic Fermentation
Beverage Industry
Bread dough