1. Class Relationships Part 1: Composition and Association CS 21a: Introduction to Computing I First Semester, 2013-2014

2. Class Relationships ► More complex programs require multiple classes ► It is typical for objects to have fields that refer to other objects ► In class A, there may be a field whose type is class B ► There is a class relationship between A and B ► Examples of class relationships ► Composition or Aggregation ► Association

3. Object Composition ► Objects can be composed of other objects ► Have references to "parts" of the class as fields of the class ► Objects can create instances of other objects ► Also called aggregation

4. Encapsulation ► The idea of "hiding" implementation details ► What’s more important is the interface ► Users don’t need to know how a method works, just that it’s there and it works ► Objects know how to handle themselves … ► users don’t need to know

5. Encapsulation ► Data should be hidden with the object that it belongs to ► Changes to data should be done via methods of object that contains the data ► Again … objects should know how to handle the data ► Allows the object’s programmer to change data representation ► This is why we make fields private

6. Bank Example ► A Bank encapsulates a set of BankAccount objects ► What’s important is the external interface ► Users don’t need to know what goes on inside the Bank, and Bank doesn’t need to know what goes on inside BankAccount getBalance( "marsha") withdraw( "john", 200 )

7. Bank and BankAccount BankAccount balance 1000 BankAccount balance 2000 Bank BankAccount john BankAccount marsha

8. Object Composition in Java public class Bank { private BankAccount john; private BankAccount marsha; public Bank() { john = new BankAccount( 1000 ); marsha = new BankAccount( 2000 ); } public void deposit(String name, double amt) { if ( name.equals( "john" ) ) john.deposit( amt );... }... } There are BankAccount fields in Bank The fields are instantiated in Bank’s constructor Bank has its own deposit method that calls BankAccount’s deposit method on the appropriate object

9. Using a Bank Object Bank b = new Bank(); b.deposit( "john", 200 ); b.withdraw( "marsha", 100 ); System.out.println( b.getBalance( "john" ) ); System.out.println( b.getBalance( "marsha" ) ); Prints: 1200 1900

10. Object Interaction BankAccount balance 1000 BankAccount balance 2000 Bank BankAccount john BankAccount marsha deposit( "john", 200 ) deposit( 200 ) Calling deposit on the Bank object causes deposit to be called on a BankAccount object

11. The whole manages its parts ► In effect, Bank is a manager of BankAccounts ► Transactions are carried out through the Bank object but ultimately uses/affects a BankAccount object ► The one calling Bank’s methods does not even need to know about the BankAccount class  this is exactly what encapsulation is about!

12. Composition with Array(List)s ► An object can be composed of a fixed number of other objects ► A fixed number of fields can implement that composition ► But in general, an object may be composed of an arbitrary number of instances of another object

13. Composition with Array(List)s public class Bank { private ArrayList accounts; public Bank() { accounts = new ArrayList (); } public void openAccount( String name, double init ) { accounts.add( new BankAccount(name, init) ); }... There is an ArrayList of BankAccount objects in Bank The ArrayList is instantiated in Bank’s constructor The actual BankAccounts are instantiated when they are needed.

14. Composition with Array(List)s... public void deposit( String name, double amt ) { BankAccount acct = find( name ); if( acct != null ) acct.deposit( amt ); }... } Deposit now requires a search for the correct BankAccount instance (done with a loop instead of hard- coded if-else)

15. Object Association ► Association: a weaker kind of relationship ► Examples: ► Borrower and Book in a library system ► Student, Class, Teacher in a university system ► WaterTank and Faucet

16. WaterTank-Faucet Example ► A WaterTank object has methods that cause it to be filled up with water or to dispense water ► A Faucet object is connected to a WaterTank and has methods to dispense or drain water ► Faucet needs a way to connect/associate to a WaterTank object ► Note: we can connect several faucets to a single water tank

17. WaterTank-Faucet Association ► Option 1: create WaterTank object, create Faucet object(s), and call a method on Faucet: w = new WaterTank(); f1 = new Faucet(); f2 = new Faucet(); f1.connect( w ); f2.connect( w ); ► Option 2: Faucet’s constructor has a WaterTank parameter w = new WaterTank(); f1 = new Faucet( w ); f2 = new Faucet( w );

18. WaterTank and Faucet f1: Faucet WaterTank tank f2: Faucet WaterTank tank WaterTank double waterLeft 100.0

19. Object Association in Java public class Faucet { private WaterTank tank; public Faucet( WaterTank w ) { tank = w; }... public void connect( WaterTank w ) { tank = w; }... } The association is represented by a WaterTank field The field can be set in the constructor… …or in a method

20. Object Interaction f1: Faucet WaterTank tank f2: Faucet WaterTank tank WaterTank double waterLeft 100.0 dispense( 20.0 ) flush() dispense( 20.0 ) dispense( 80.0 )

21. Object Interaction public class Faucet { private WaterTank tank; public Faucet( WaterTank w ) { tank = w; } … public void dispense( double amt ) { tank.dispense( amt ); } public void flush() { tank.dispense( tank.getWaterLeft() ); } public class WaterTank { private double waterLeft = 0;... public void fillTank()... public void dispense( double amt ) { waterLeft = waterLeft - amt; } public double getWaterLeft() { return waterLeft; }

22. Using Faucet and WaterTank Objects WaterTank w = new WaterTank(); WaterTank x = new WaterTank(); w.fillTank(); // fills tank to capacity, say 100 gallons x.fillTank(); // fills tank to capacity, say 100 gallons Faucet f1 = new Faucet( w ); Faucet f2 = new Faucet( w ); f1.dispense( 20 ); f2.flush(); f1.connect( x ); f1.dispense( 50 ); System.out.println( w.getWaterLeft() ); System.out.println( x.getWaterLeft() ); Prints: 0 50

23. Composition versus Association ► In both cases, there appears to be a one- to-many relationship ► One Bank, many BankAccounts ► One WaterTank, many Faucets ► Why is it not correct to say that the WaterTank is composed of Faucets?

24. Composition versus Association ► Composition: The one manages the many ► Implies whole-part relationship ► The body is composed of cells, but the cells do not need to be aware of the body ► Association: The many use the one ► Does not imply a whole-part relationship ► Many parasites can feed off a host, but the host does not need to be aware of the parasites

25. Composition versus Association ► Composition: the whole is dependent on the parts ► Association: there is no such dependency

26. Composition ► It doesn’t make sense to have Banks if there is no concept of BankAccount (the class) ► Although it’s perfectly okay to start a Bank without any BankAccounts (the instances) yet ► In other words, if BankAccount is removed from the system, it no longer makes sense to retain Bank.

27. Association ► It still makes sense to have a WaterTank even if Faucets were never invented ► Faucets don’t need to be connected to WaterTanks. They can be connected to pipes, for example. ► In other words, if Faucet is removed from the system, it’s perfectly fine to retain WaterTank, and vice versa.

28. An Integrated Example ► Grocery environment ► Products are stocked and sold in the grocery ► Cashiers are front-end objects that carry out a sale through a back-end price-and-stock Manager object ► Multiple cashiers are associated to the Manager object ► The Manager object aggregates Product objects (where prices and stock levels are stored)

29. Grocery Example c1: Cashier c2: Cashier Manager product apples product oranges product pomelos apples: Product oranges: Product pomelos: Product Transactions are carried out through the Cashier objects Product objects may be updated as a result Prices are checked and purchase requests are made thru the Manager object

30. Exercise ► Can you identify the class relationships present in the Project 1 solution?