1. SOURCES OF WATER Rain water Root top Other collection system *Surface Water Rivers and Streams Lakes and Ponds Oceans and Seas *Ground Water Natural Spring Wells. MEETING WATER QUALITY SPECIFICATION

2. INTER-RELATION OF VARIOUS SOURCES OF WATER -Water Cycle Occurrence of water in the Geological Formation Occurrence of water in the Geological Formation COMPACT Rock COMPACT Rock Permeability Rock Permeability Rock Rate of Water Movement Rate of Water Movement –Friction –Gradient –Nature of Rock –Driving Force

3. QUALITY SPECIFICATION DOMESTIC DOMESTIC –High Degree of Purity –Chlorination –Sterilization

4. INDUSTRIAL WATER TREATMENT WATER TREATMENT WATER AND USES WATER AND USES –Domestic –Industrial –Fish Farming –Power Generation –Recreation

5. TREATMENT -Pretreatment (Equalization, neutralization, grease and oil removal) -Pretreatment (Equalization, neutralization, grease and oil removal) -Primary Treatment- (Screens, gravity sedimentation, chemical -Primary Treatment- (Screens, gravity sedimentation, chemical precitate) precitate) Secondary Treatment (Biological) Secondary Treatment (Biological) Physical- Chemical treatment (adsorption, ion-exchange, stripping Physical- Chemical treatment (adsorption, ion-exchange, stripping chemical oxidization) chemical oxidization)

6. PROCESS SELECTION Determination of sources of water Determination of sources of water Consideration of existing water Consideration of existing water Evaluation of the objective Evaluation of the objective Considering all constrain Considering all constrain Determination of economic involvement Determination of economic involvement Recommend the most Recommend the most –APPROPRIATE STANDARDS Identification of toxic compounds Identification of toxic compounds Operators of treatment plants Operators of treatment plants Determination of the technology of the process Determination of the technology of the process Master plan of the water treatment Master plan of the water treatment FACTOR TO CONSIDER IN PROCESS SELECTION FACTOR TO CONSIDER IN PROCESS SELECTION Economical Economical Capacity Capacity Technology Technology Environmental factor Environmental factor

7. RELEVANCE RELEVANCE Reliance Reliance Ability and willingness Ability and willingness Ability to cope Ability to cope FAILURE OF WATER TREATMENT STRATEGIES FAILURE OF WATER TREATMENT STRATEGIES Failure to consider local condition Failure to consider local condition Lack of knowledge Lack of knowledge Uncharacterized flow and road region Uncharacterized flow and road region Inadequate data Inadequate data Problem of maintenance Problem of maintenance PRODUCED WATER FOR RE-INJECTION PRODUCED WATER FOR RE-INJECTION SOURCE SOURCE Reservoirs Reservoirs From producing reservoir From producing reservoir SOURCE SOURCE Land Land Surface water Surface water Subsurface Subsurface

8. LEGISLATION AGAINST DISPOSAL LEGISLATION AGAINST DISPOSAL Government Agencies Government Agencies FEPA FEPA Environmental ministries fed Environmental ministries fed State governments State governments COMPOSITION COMPOSITION Varies from field to field basically Varies from field to field basically Heavy metals Heavy metals Residual oil Residual oil Rationalizes Rationalizes Dissolved oxygen Dissolved oxygen Treatment chemical Treatment chemical Total dissolved solid Total dissolved solid TABLE 2A:PAGE 48b TABLE 2A:PAGE 48b Treatment Treatment

9. WATER TREATMENT FOR INJECTION WATER TREATMENT FOR INJECTION SOURCE SOURCE Already discussed Already discussed RELEVANT PARAMETER RELEVANT PARAMETER Dissolved oxygen (DO) Dissolved oxygen (DO) Suspended Solid (SS) Suspended Solid (SS) Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) Ph Ph Metals Metals Pesticides Pesticides Total organic carbon Total organic carbon

10. COMPOSITION OF RAW WATER COMPOSITION OF RAW WATER COMPARISON OF SURFACE WATER AND GROUNDWATER COMPARISON OF SURFACE WATER AND GROUNDWATER SOURCES OF WATER FOR INJECTION SOURCES OF WATER FOR INJECTION Brine and fresh water Brine and fresh water Laves Laves Rivers Rivers Seas Seas Ocean Ocean Produced water Produced water

11. SUMMARY OF PROBLEM SUMMARY OF PROBLEM Corrosion Corrosion Scale formation Scale formation Solid component Solid component Bacteria Bacteria Residual oil Residual oil CORROSION CORROSION Cause Cause PH PH Dissolved gases (Co2 O2 H2S) Dissolved gases (Co2 O2 H2S) Results Results Destruction of equipment Destruction of equipment Loss of injection control Loss of injection control Plugging Plugging

12. SCALE FORMATION SCALE FORMATION Causes Causes Chemicals (CaCo3 CaSo4 Baso4) Chemicals (CaCo3 CaSo4 Baso4) Results Results Plugging Plugging Equipment wear Equipment wear Restriction of flow Restriction of flow WATER QUALITY WATER QUALITY Causes Causes Poor water treatment efficiency Poor water treatment efficiency Corrosion Corrosion Results Results Formation plugging Formation plugging BACTERIAL ACTION BACTERIAL ACTION Causes Causes Colony formation Colony formation Growth Growth Result Result Corrosion Corrosion Formation plugging Formation plugging

13. BACTERIAL ACTION BACTERIAL ACTION Causes Causes Colony formation Colony formation Growth Growth Result Result Corrosion Corrosion Formation plugging Formation plugging OIL RESIDUE OIL RESIDUE Causes Causes Coating of solid particles Coating of solid particles Result Result Corrosion Corrosion -Formation plugging -Formation plugging TREATMENT TREATMENT