1. Asexual Reproduction

2. Definition of Reproduction  The process by which living organisms produce new organisms of their own kind

3. Two types of Reproduction  Sexual  Asexual

4. Asexual Reproduction  A single parent produces an identical offspring  Same hereditary information (genes) in the offspring as in the parent  Same traits generation after generation  Process happens quickly and produces large number of offspring

5. Concerns  Limited genetic variation (they are all the same) makes the organism more susceptible to mass extinction  Rapid growth may be limited by the food, water, space, etc. which may lead to death of organisms

6. Seven Types of Asexual Reproduction  1. Mitosis  2. Binary fission  3. Budding  4. Spores  5. Regeneration  6. Vegetative propagation  7. Cloning

7. Mitosis (#1)  Produces body cells in animals and plants  Process studied in 7 th Grade  Cells produce an identical cell with the same function  http://www.cellsalive.com/mitosis.htm http://www.cellsalive.com/mitosis.htm

8. Mitosis Video

9. Binary Fission (#2)  Simplest form  Parent cell divides into two equal parts  Example : bacteria www.DennisKunkel.com

10. Amoeba  Another Example of binary fission  Live in fresh water http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/moviegallery/pondscum/protozoa/amoeba/t1/amoeba01.htm Amoeba engulfing (eating) food 40x Movement

11. Binary Fission Video

12. Paramecium  Many swimmers  Oral groove (mouth)  Cilia for propulsion http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/moviegallery/pondscum/protozoa/parameciu m/index.html

13. Budding (#3)  New individual ”grows” off parent organism  New offspring may break off or remain attached  Examples : yeast, hydra, sponges http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/optics/olympusmicd/galleries/movieg allery/pondscum/coelenterata/hydra/index.html

14. Spores (#4)  Specialized cell similar to a seed  Thick, tough outer covering  Example: fungi

15. Regeneration (5)  Ability to re-grow lost body parts  Examples : starfish, planarian, earthworms http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/optics/olympusmicd/galleries/darkfi eld/planaria.html

16. Vegetative Propagation (#6)  Growing new plants from: roots – sweet potato stems – philodendron leaves – african violet

17. Grafting  Combining the roots of one plant with the stem of another  Grapes : tough wild roots + seedless (yummy) stems  Roses : tough wild roots + pretty stems  5 in 1 apple trees : roots of one tree + 5 varieties of  http://aggie- horticulture.tamu.edu/propagation/graftingmovies/i ndex.html http://aggie- horticulture.tamu.edu/propagation/graftingmovies/i ndex.html

18. Cloning (#7)  The process of:  Scientifically-engineered reproductive technology  Removes nucleus from an egg cell  Replaces it with the nucleus from a body cell of another organism  Zaps it with electricity  Divides and develops into new embryo

19. Remove nucleus Host Organism Sex Cell (egg)  Haploid = 1/2 chromosomes of the body cell  Human = 23 chromosomes Replace nucleus Replace with a body cell nucleus of donor  blood, skin, muscle cell * Diploid Cell 46 chromosomes Zap with electricity Wait 7 Days *7 *6 *5 *4 *3 *2 *1 Place in the uterus of the host organism 9 months *Not genetically like host organism *Exact genetic copy of donor cell Offspring

20. Cloning  Process ensures the new plant/animal is an exact copy of the donor cell http://www.guardian.co.uk/gall/0,8542,627251,00.html

21. Pictures of Cloned Animals  http://www.guardian.co.uk/gall/0,8542,6 27251,00.html http://www.guardian.co.uk/gall/0,8542,6 27251,00.html

22. Dolly Video