1. Asexual Reproduction Production of offspring from one parent
Involves mitosis
Mitosis – Cell Division
- exact duplication of all the chromosomes (# and information) in the nucleus, then separated into 2 identical sets.
- occurs in all cells except sex cells
Cancer – abnormal mitosis

2. Structure of a double-stranded chromosome

3. chromatid centromere Chromatid – strand of a chromosome
Chromatin – material of a chromatid
Centromere – holds strands together
Gene – bands of information on chromosome (DNA)
chromatid
centromere

5. Differences in Mitosis between Animal and Plant Cells
Animal Cells
- have centrioles
- cleavage (cell membrane pinches in – cytokenisis)
Plant Cells
- no centrioles
- no cleavage – cell plate forms (cell wall)

6. Animal cell mitosis – cleavage – pinching in

7. Plant cell mitosis – cell plate formation

8. Result of Mitosis:
- 2 identical cells made with the exact chromosome # and information as parent cell – exact replicas.

9. Methods of Asexual Reproduction
-some organisms reproduce asexually (one parent) using the process of mitosis.
Binary Fission:
equal division of the cytoplasm of the organism. Ex. Ameba, Paramecium
One organism splits itself equally and produces 2 new organisms.

10. Binary Fission
Paramecium
Ameba

11. 2. Budding:
- unequal division of the cytoplasm (not chromosomes!!!!!) Ex. Hydra and Yeast
Hydra
Yeast

12. 3. Sporulation:
- multicellular organisms
- spores are released and develop new individuals
Bread Mold

13. 4. Regeneration:
- invertebrates – undifferentiated cells (similar)
- development of entire new organism from part of original Ex. Starfish, planaria
- replacement of lost structure.
Ex. Lobster claw
Planaria
Starfish

14. 5. Vegetative Propagation:
- Asexual Reproduction in Plants (mitosis)
- New plants develop from roots, stems and leaves of parent plant.
Natural: bulbs, tubers, runners

15. Natural
A. Bulbs – enlarged underground stem
ex. Onion, garlic, tulip

16. B. Tubers – enlarged underground stem with buds (eyes) ex. Potato

17. C. Runners – stem that runs along the ground. Ex. strawberries

18. Artificial:
a. cutting – stem or leaf is placed in soil and a new plant develops Ex. Geranium

19. b. Grafting:
- stem of one plant is attached to cut end of another.
- No Blending
- red rose bush grafted to yellow rose bush produces a plant with red and yellow roses.

20. Results of Asexual Reproduction
offspring are genetically identical to parent
Same hereditary material (# and information on chromosomes)
Same characteristics

21. Cloning Can occur naturally or artificially
Artificial- Nuclear Transfer
Scientists take a parent (body) cell nucleus (DNA)
Insert the nucleus into a donor egg cell (the nucleus from the egg was removed)
The egg is now implanted into a surrogate female for development
The clone will be genetically identical to the organism that the parent cell nucleus came from