1. Music and Talk Across Media
Sound
Music and Talk Across Media

2. The Development of the Recording Industry
Thomas Edison:
invented the phonograph in 1877
first recording, “Mary Had a Little Lamb”, lasted 10 seconds

3. Emile Berliner:
invented the gramophone by 1888
utilized flat disks, provided more lifelike recordings
first to envision idea of royalties

5. Development of the Recording Industry (cont.)
high fidelity—refers to a combination of technologies that allowed recordings to:
reproduced music more accurately
have higher high notes and deeper bass
magnetic tape industry standard by 1949
recording allowed for preservation:
non-notated music—music that does not exist in written form

12. Transmitting Music and Talk: The Birth of Radio
Samuel Morse:
invented the telegraph in 1844

13. Heinrich Hertz:
experimented with radio waves in 1888
created a simple transmitter and receiver

14. Guglielmo Marconi:
developed the wireless telegraph

15. Transmitting Music and Talk (cont.) Reginald Fessenden:
started sending voice signals over a radio in 1901
broadcasted Christmas carols and poetry in 1905

16. David Sarnoff: American Marconi employee
in 1915, wrote the Radio Music Box memo
radio as a popular mass medium
essentially ignored
focus was on support of United States in World War I

17. Transmitting Music and Talk (cont.) Frank Conrad (Westinghouse):
began broadcasting music on Sunday afternoons
Westinghouse built a more powerful transmitter
released a broadcast schedule
goal was to get people to buy radios

18. KDKA was licensed on October 27, 1920

19. Radio Advertising WEAF in New York City:
first to sell air time to advertisers
Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover:
believed ads would destroy credibility of radio news
Sales of radios thought to be main revenue source
Early executives realized advertising revenue necessary

20. Radio Networks
In 1923 more than 600 radio broadcast stations in the United States:
provided limited programming in a localized area
Sarnoff’s idea of a network:
could provide more programming to a wider group of stations
RCA established NBC July 22, 1926:
actually two networks, Red and Blue

21. Radio Networks (cont.) William Paley
interested in promoting family cigar business on radio:
purchased United Independent Broadcasters (UIB)
renamed Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS)
Paley understood the vital role of advertising

22. From the Golden Age to the Television Age
Golden age of radio—1920s, 1930s, and 1940s
Radio the primary form of entertainment
Live music, dramas, action programs
Start of soap operas
first programs targeted specifically at women
The Guiding Light started in 1937

23. From the Golden Age to the Television Age (cont.)
Amos ‘n’ Andy (1926):
First nationally broadcast daily drama
Story of Sam and Henry, owners of Fresh Air Taxi Co.
Sam and Henry were African American characters
roles played by two white actors—Charles Correll and Freeman Gosden
program controversial, but did portray middle class African Americans at a time when such portrayals not common

24. Radio News KDKA broadcast the results of the 1920 election
Newspapers threatened by radio, in 1930s:
threatened to cut off radio’s access to AP wire service
threatened to stop printing radio program listings
Live news was radio’s advantage:
brought immediacy and broke stories.
Edward R. Murrow’s 1939 reporting during the German bombing of London

25. The BBC: Voice of the Old Empire
British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) :
created as a public service in the 1920s
during World War II, broadcast in more than 40 languages
strong international reach
utilization of a variety of technology
Webcasting, FM stations, and satellite services

26. Akio Morita’s “Personal Soundtrack”
Sony Walkman introduced in 1979:
two versions - tape player or a stereo FM radio
initial cost upward of $200
Some enjoyed the personal privacy provided
Others argued it initiated a withdrawal from society
Model for modern portable music (iPods, etc.)

27. Rock ‘n’ Roll and the Integration of Music
During World War II, Armed Forced Radio played wide variety of music
Race records—pre-1948 recordings by popular black musicians
1949, referred to as rhythm and blues by Billboard
Wynonie Harris
on December 28, 1947, recorded “Good Rockin’ Tonight” in Cincinnati, Ohio
considered the first rock ‘n’ roll recording
Elvis Presley
Chuck Berry

28. Dewey Phillips (WHBQ in Memphis):
Rock ‘n’ Roll (cont.)
Dewey Phillips (WHBQ in Memphis):
on October 29, 1949, started Red Hot ‘n’ Blue
played R&B records
Berry Gordy Jr.:
founded Motown Records
promoted black artists and their music
sold to Boston Ventures for $61 million in 1988

29. The British Invasion: A Rougher Rock
Began in 1964
British interpretation of American rock ‘n’ roll sound
Beatles:
by 1966, found it impossible to play live
1967—recorded Sgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band
concept albums—brought together a group of related songs on common themes
designed to be played from beginning to end

30. The Growing Importance of Producers
producers as significant as the recording artists:
Rick Rubin
Kenneth “Babyface” Edmonds
Alan Parsons
Country: Pop Music for Adults
originally called old-time or hillbilly music
became popular in 1950s and 1960s in Nashville
songs deal with real life issues

31. Making Money In The Recording Industry
Long-playing record (LP):
developed by Columbia Records in 1948
labeled unbreakable; provided 23 minutes of music per side
demonstrated to RCA and Sarnoff; RCA stuck with 45 format
45-rpm disc:
RCA’s format
provided four minutes of music per side
affordable and popular with teens
By 1950, LP the standard (minus RCA)

32. Making Money in the Recording Industry (cont.)
Compact Discs and Digital Recording:
Klaas Compaan began work on CD in 1969
Philips Electronics physicist
Philips joined with Sony to create a standard format:
Wanted to avoid another format war (LP versus 45)
The CD launched in Europe in 1982; in the United States in 1983

33. Making Money in the Recording Industry (cont.)
Digital recording—a method of recording sound that involves storing it as a series of numbers:
no degradation in reproductions
impacts sales of original recordings
Music on the Internet:
MP3 (Moving Picture Experts Group audio layer 3)
compressed format, easy to share
allows for new artists to get attention
music industry concerned about copyright violations

34. The Problem of Payola
Payola—payoffs to disc jockeys in the form of money or gifts so they will play a particular record
Alan Freed:
fired from WABC on November 21, 1959
failed to sign a statement saying he had not participated in payola scandal
Dick Clark:
shifted career to television music shows

35. The Business of Radio Popular Radio Formats:
2006—country music most popular format in the United States
Carried on 12.5 percent of stations
News/talk—10.4 percent
Adult contemporary—7.1 percent
Classic rock—4.9 percent
Spanish-Language Broadcasting
2006—more than 700 Spanish-language stations
strong support from advertisers

36. The Business of Radio (cont.)
Talk Radio—Politics, News, Sports, and Shock Jocks
1985, only 200 stations carried the format; by 1995, more than 1,000
major source of political information to 44 percent of Americans
Shock Jocks:
Opie and Anthony
Todd Clemm
Don Imus
Howard Stern - Moved to satellite broadcasting in 2006

37. Radio Consolidates and Goes Hi-Tech
Telecommunications Act of 1996
relaxed broadcast radio ownership rules
led to more concentrated ownership
2003—number of owners fell 35 percent
2006—50 percent owned by major media companies

38. National Public Radio (NPR)
1967 Public Broadcasting Act
set aside lower end of FM dial for non-commercial broadcasts
went on the air in 1971—All Things Considered
allowed for in-depth coverage
16 percent of budget comes from federal government
remaining comes from donations and sponsorship

39. Radio’s New Look—HD and Satellite
90 percent of American listen to terrestrial radio every week
High definition radio:
expensive, equipment not readily available in 2007
Satellite Radio:
monthly subscription
XM and Sirius merge in 2007
provides quality reception despite location

40. Music and the Long Tail— Alternatives to Broadcasting
Webcasting:
Internet sites, Apple’s iTunes player
greatly extends the reach of stations
Podcasting:
audio programs recorded as MP3 files
any MP3 player will work; Apple iPod has a huge share of market
August 2006—12 percent of Internet users had downloaded a podcast

41. New Economic Models for the Music Industry
Computer technology allows for easy piracy.
In 2006, CD sales declined by nearly 5 percent:
Sales of downloads increased by 65 percent from 2005.
Overall, music sales increased 19 percent in