1. AIE Processor Concept

2. Sequential Processor Stages DecodeFetchExecuteMemWB

3. Pipelining Processor Stages DecodeFetch ExecuteMem PipElinePipEline PipElinePipEline WB PipElinePipEline PipElinePipEline PipElinePipEline PipElinePipEline PipElinePipEline PipElinePipEline

4. Transaction Table Five Stages Pipeline

5. Pipelining Design As Queue – Problems: High Circuit Complexity If Queue is Full in a stage the previous must halt until the queue release item, so there is no great benefit. – Implementation Shift Register Circuit & Registers [Waste Cycles] Counter & Registers [Save Cycles]

6. Shift Register Circuit & Registers

7. Counter & Registers Pipeline

8. Pipeline Optimal Designs Sync Pipeline – All Pipeline Modules Attached with Same Cycle Controller – Cycle Time = Max Stage Clock – Problems There is Waste in Clock but not to much Every stage not aware of the status of previous stage.

9. Pipeline Optimal Designs A Sync Pipeline – Every Stage aware of the status of the previous stage using internal handshaking signals Ready – Acknowledge Signals – Advantages There is no clock waste thanks to handshaking signals There is no Max Cycle Clock, every instruction take the clocks need to perform it’s operation. – Disadvantages In Control Unit you must specify every instruction timing in every stage of the pipelined processor

10. Pipeline Optimal Designs Sync Pipeline & A Sync Pipeline

11. Sync Pipeline Implementation

12. Key Feature of AIE Processor 32-bit Pipelined Processor Processor Support 48 Instruction Processor Interface with Interleaved Memory Interface with LCD Terminal using Instructions Processor have it’s Assembly Interpreter

13. Instructions

14. Ir register IR Register 8 bit INSTRUCIONS ROM Address Bus : 8 bit Data Bus : 32 bit 32 bit Modes Select 24 bit

15. ROM CONTROLS 11-CMP reg1,reg2 -3e002000 12-IPNT immediate -4c022000 13-RPNT reg -2c022000 14-STOWE address,reg -4c102000 15-STOWO address,reg -4c142000 16-STODW address,reg -4c302000 17-LODWE reg,address -4c195000 18-LODWO reg,address -4c1d5000 19-LODDW reg,address -4c395000 1a-JG address -8c400000 1b-JE address -8c800000 1c-JL address -8cc00000 1d-JC address -8d000000 1e-JNG address -8c400800 1f-JNE address -8c800800 20-JNL address -8cc00800 21-JNC address -8d000800 22-JMP address -8d400000 00-NOP -00008000 01-MOV reg,immediate -8c005000 02-ADD d.reg,s1.reg,s2.reg -20007000 03-ADC d.reg,s1.reg,s2.reg -22007000 04-SUB d.reg,s1.reg,s2.reg -24007000 05-SUW d.reg,s1.reg,s2.reg -26007000 06-MUL d.reg,s1.reg,s2.reg -28007000 07-DIV d.reg,s1.reg,s2.reg -2a007000 08-TRSA d.reg,s1.reg -2c007000 09-TRSB d.reg,s2.reg -2e007000 0a-AND d.reg,s1.reg,s2.reg -30007000 0b-OR d.reg,s1.reg,s2.reg -32007000 0c-NAND d.reg,s1.reg,s2.reg -34007000 0d-NOR d.reg,s1.reg,s2.reg -36007000 0e-XOR d.reg,s1.reg,s2.reg -38007000 0f-XNOR d.reg,s1.reg,s2.reg -3a007000 10-NOT d.reg,s1.reg -3c007000

16. Main Modes IMMEDIATE MODE REGISTER, REGISTER MODE MEMORY MODE

17. IMMEDIATE MODE ROM- address 8bit REG-address 5 bit3bit IMMEDIATE 16 bit IR Register : Instructions : *MOV reg,immediate -8c005000 *JG address -8c400000 *JE address -8c800000 *JL address -8cc00000 *JC address -8d000000 *JNG address -8c400800 *JNE address -8c800800 *JNL address -8cc00800 *JNC address -8d000800 *JMP address -8d400000

18. REGISTER REGISTER MODE IR Register : ROM- address 8bit Source_REG2 5 bit3bit Source_REG1 5 bit3bit Destination_REG 5 bit3bit Instructions : *ADD d.reg,s1.reg,s2.reg -20007000 *ADC d.reg,s1.reg,s2.reg -22007000 *SUB d.reg,s1.reg,s2.reg -24007000 *SUW d.reg,s1.reg,s2.reg -26007000 *MUL d.reg,s1.reg,s2.reg -28007000 *DIV d.reg,s1.reg,s2.reg -2a007000 *TRSA d.reg,s1.reg -2c007000 *TRSB d.reg,s2.reg -2e007000 *AND d.reg,s1.reg,s2.reg -30007000 *OR d.reg,s1.reg,s2.reg -32007000 *NAND d.reg,s1.reg,s2.reg -34007000 *NOR d.reg,s1.reg,s2.reg -36007000 *XOR d.reg,s1.reg,s2.reg -38007000 *XNOR d.reg,s1.reg,s2.reg -3a007000 *NOT d.reg,s1.reg -3c007000 *CMP reg1,reg2 -3e002000

19. Indirect addressing MODE IR Register : 8bit5 bit3bit5 bit Instructions : *IDSTOWE address - 2c102000 *IDSTOWO address - 2c142000 *IDSTODW address - 2c302000 *IDLODWE address - 2c187000 *IDLODWO address - 2c1c7000 *IDLODDW address - 2c387000 ROM- address 8bit Source_REG2 5 bit3bit Source_REG1 5 bit3bit Destination_REG 5 bit3bit

20. MEMORY MODE IR Register : ROM- address 8bit IMMEDIATE 16 bit REG-address 3bit5 bit Instructions : *STOWE address,reg -4c102000 *STOWO address,reg -4c142000 *STODW address,reg -4c302000 *LODWE reg,address -4c195000 *LODWO reg,address -4c1d5000 *INC reg,immediate - 40007000 *DEC reg,immediate -44007000 *LODDW reg,address -4c395000 *IPNT immediate -4c022000 *PUSHWE reg -4c102400 *PUSHWO reg -4c142400 *PUSHDW reg -4c302400 *POPWE reg -4c195600 *POPWO reg -4c1d5600 *POPDW reg -4c395600

21. INSTRUCTION set B 31,B 30,B 29 (1) B 28,B 27,B 26, B 25 (2) B 24,B 23,B 22 (3) B 21,B 20,B 19, B 18 (4) B 17 B 16 B 15 B 14,B 13,B 12 B 11 (5)(6)(7)(8)(9) 1) Select Mode : {B 31 : Immediate mode, B 30 : Memory Mode, B 29 : Register-Register Mode} 2) Execution Control 3) Execution Conditional Control 4) Memory Control : {B 21 : BHE, B 20 :Select Memory, B 19 :Memory R/w, B 18 :Memory Even/Odd } 5) Select Write Back Block or TTY Block 6) Select The Input of the Write Back Block From Alu Result or Memory Output 7) No Operation 8) Register File Control { B 14 :Write Register, B 13 :OE Register,B 12 :Enabel Write Select Register } 9) Invert Condition

22. Tracing Some Instructions

23. MIPS Architecture based

24. For Example Executing These Two Instruction Sequentially I1:R1=R2+R3 I2:R4=R2 AND R1

25. I1: Fetching I2: Still in Memory l1

26. I1: Decoding & RegFetch R2 R3 I2: Fetching l2 l1

27. I1: Execute (R2 + R3) I2: Decoding & RegFetch R2 R1 l2 l1

28. I1: MEM[no Operation] (R2 + R3) I2: Execute (R2 AND R1) l2 l1

29. I1: Write Back R1=(R2 + R3) I2: MEM[no Operation] (R2 AND R1) Data Stored In R1 l2 l1

30. Solution I1:R1=R2+R3 NOP I2:R4=R2 AND R1

31. I1: Fetching I2: Still in Memory l1

32. I1: Decoding & RegFetch R2 R3 I2: Still in Memory L1 NOP

33. I1: Execute (R2 + R3) I2: Still in Memory NOP L1 NOP

34. I1: MEM[no Operation] (R2 + R3) I2: Still in Memory NOP L1 NOP

35. I1: Write Back R1=(R2 + R3) I2: Fetching Data Stored In R1 L1 NOP L2

36. I1: Terminated I2: Decoding & RegFetch R2 R1 L2 NOP

37. I1: Terminated I2:Execute (R2 AND R1) L2 NOP

38. I1: Terminated I2:MEM[No Operation] (R2 AND R1) L2 NOP

39. I1: Terminated I2: Terminated

40. Statistics & Comparisons

41. Cisc Vs Risc Cisc: -Richer instruction set but very complex circuit. -Instructions generally take more than 1 clock to execute. -Instructions of a variable size. Risc: -Instructions execute in one clock cycle. -Uniformed length instructions and fixed instruction format. -Simple instructions and circuit.

42. Speed: With Pipelining: Each stage takes 4 clock cycles 5 stages IF,ID,EX,MEM,WB If clock rate 5 MHz then time for performing an instruction per pipeline stage is 0.8 µsec. Without Pipelining: If clock rate 5 MHz then time for performing an instruction is 4 µsec.

43. MOV r1,05h MOV r2,04h ADD r3,r1,r2 STODW r3,1234h Pipelining If ID NOP If ID EXMEM IfIDEXMEM WB NOP

44. Average no. of stall cycles per instruction is 0.75 Speed up is 2.85

45. Thank you